We studied physical fitness and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in 10 224 men and 3120 women who were given a preventive medical examination. Physical fitness was measured by a maximal treadmill exercise test. Average follow-up was slightly more than 8 years, for a total of 110 482 person-years of observation. There were 240 deaths in men and 43 deaths in women. Age-adjusted all-cause mortality rates declined across physical fitness quintiles from 64.0 per 10 000 person-years in the least-fit men to 18.6 per 10 000 person-years in the most-fit men (slope, —4.5). Corresponding values for women were 39.5 per 10 000 person-years to 8.5 per 10 000 person-years (slope, —5.5). These trends remained after statistical adjustment for age, smoking habit, cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose level, parental history of coronary heart disease, and follow-up interval. Lower mortality rates in higher fitness categories also were seen for cardiovascular disease and cancer of combined sites. Attributable risk estimates for all-cause mortality indicated that low physical fitness was an important risk factor in both men and women. Higher levels of physical fitness appear to delay all-cause mortality primarily due to lowered rates of cardiovascular disease and cancer. ( JAMA . 1989;262:2395-2401)

Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Study of Healthy Men and Women

SUMMARYACSM Position Stand on The Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility in Adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 975-991, 1998. The combination of frequency, intensity, and duration of chr

http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/chalmers/pdfs/acsm position stand - quantity and quality of exercise.pdf

ACSM Position Stand: The Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility in Healthy Adults

1. Skinfold thickness, body circumferences and body density were measured in samples of 308 and ninety-five adult men ranging in age from 18 to 61 years. 2. Using the sample of 308 men, multiple regression equations were calculated to estimate body density using either the quadratic or log form of the sum of skinfolds, in combination with age, waist and forearm circumference. 3. The multiple correlations for the equations exceeded 0.90 with standard errors of approximately +/- 0.0073 g/ml. 4. The regression equations were cross validated on the second sample of ninety-five men. The correlations between predicted and laboratory-determined body density exceeded 0.90 with standard errors of approximately 0.0077 g/ml. 5. The regression equations were shown to be valid for adult men varying in age and fatness.

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Generalized equations for predicting body density of men

Context Epidemiological studies have indicated an inverse association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and coronary heart disease (CHD) or all-cause mortality in healthy participants. Objective To define quantitative relationships between CRF and CHD events, cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, or all-cause mortality in healthy men and women. Data Sources and Study Selection A systematic literature search was conducted for observational cohort studies using MEDLINE (1966 to December 31, 2008) and EMBASE (1980 to December 31, 2008). The Medical Subject Headings search terms used included exercise tolerance, exercise test, exercise/physiology, physical fitness, oxygen consumption, cardiovascular diseases, myocardial ischemia, mortality, mortalities, death, fatality, fatal, incidence, or morbidity. Studies reporting associations of baseline CRF with CHD events, CVD events, or all-cause mortality in healthy participants were included. Data Extraction Two authors independently extracted relevant data. CRF was estimated as maximal aerobic capacity (MAC) expressed in metabolic equivalent (MET) units. Participants were categorized as low CRF ( Data Synthesis Data were obtained from 33 eligible studies (all-cause mortality, 102 980 participants and 6910 cases; CHD/CVD, 84 323 participants and 4485 cases). Pooled RRs of all-cause mortality and CHD/CVD events per 1-MET higher level of MAC (corresponding to 1-km/h higher running/jogging speed) were 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-0.90) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.82-0.88), respectively. Compared with participants with high CRF, those with low CRF had an RR for all-cause mortality of 1.70 (95% CI, 1.51-1.92; P  Conclusions Better CRF was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and CHD/CVD. Participants with a MAC of 7.9 METs or more had substantially lower rates of all-cause mortality and CHD/CVD events compared with those with a MAC of less 7.9 METs.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/1108396/jcr90003_2024_2035.pdf

Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Quantitative Predictor of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Healthy Men and Women: A Meta-analysis

A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals.

Previous research with women has shown that body composition regression equations derived from anthropometric variables were population specific. This study sought to derive generalized equations for women differing in age and body composition. The hydrostatic method was used to determine body density (BD) and percent fat (%F) on 249 women in 18 to 55 years (X = 31.4 +/- 10.8 yrs) and 4 to 44 %F (X = 24.1 +/-7.2 %F). Skinfold fat (S), gluteal circumference (C) and age were independent variables. The quadratic form of the sum of three, four and seven S in combination with age and gluteal C produced multiple correlations that ranged from 0.842 to 0.867 with standard errors of 3.6 to 3.8 %F. The equations were cross-validated on a different sample of 82 women with similar age and %F characteristics. The correlations between predicted and hydrostatically determined %F ranged from 0.815 to 0.820 with standard errors of 3.7 to 4.0 %F. This study showed that valid generalized body composition equations could be derived for women varying in age and body composition, but care need to be exercised with women over an age of forty.

Generalized equations for predicting body density of women

The purpose of this investigation was to explore an alternative field test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) using a one-mile walk test. VO2max was determined in 343 healthy adult (males = 165, females = 178) subjects 30 to 69 yr using a treadmill protocol (mean +/- SD: VO2max = 37.0 +/- 10.7 ml X kg-1 X min-1). Each subject performed a minimum of two, one-mile track walks as fast as possible. The two fastest walks (T1, T2) with elapsed times within 30 s were used for subsequent analyses. Heart rates were monitored continuously and recorded every one-quarter mile. Multiple regression analysis (best sub-sets) to estimate VO2max (l X min-1) yielded the following predictor variables: track walk-1 time (T1); fourth quarter heart rate for track walk-1 (HR 1-4); age (yr); weight (lb); and sex (1 = male, 0 = female). The best equation (N = 174) was: VO2max = 6.9652 + (0.0091*WT) - (0.0257*AGE) + (0.5955*SEX) - (0.2240*T1) - (0.0115*HR1-4); r = 0.93, SEE = 0.325 l X min-1. Comparing observed and estimated VO2max values in a cross-validation group (N = 169) resulted in r = 0.92, SEE = 0.355 l X min-1. Generalized and sex-specific equations to estimate VO2max (ml X kg-1 X min-1) were also generated. The accuracy of estimation as expressed by SEE was similar among the equations. The results indicate that this one-mile walk test protocol provides a valid sub-maximum assessment for VO2max estimation.

Estimation of VO2max from a one-mile track walk, gender, age, and body weight

A comparative analysis of four protocols for maximal treadmill stress testing

An equation was developed to estimate maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, ml.kg-1.min-1) based on a single submaximal stage of a treadmill walking test. Subjects (67 males, 72 females) aged 20-59 yr completed 4-min stages at 0, 5, and 10% grades walking at a constant speed (2.0-4.5 mph) and then performed a VO2max test. Heart rate and respiratory gas exchange variables were measured during the test. Multiple regression analysis (N = 117) to estimate VO2max from the 4-min stage at 5% grade yielded the following model (R2 = 0.86; SEE = 4.85 ml.kg-1.min-1): VO2max = 15.1 + 21.8*SPEED (mph) -0.327*HEART RATE (bpm) -0.263*SPEED*AGE (yr) + 0.00504*HEART RATE*AGE + 5.98*GENDER (0 = Female; 1 = Male). The constant and all coefficients were highly significant (P less than 0.01). To assess the accuracy of the model in a cross-validation group (N = 22), an estimated VO2max value was obtained using the above model. Estimated VO2max then was regressed on observed VO2max yielding the following equation (R2 = 0.92): ESTIMATED VO2max = 0.15 + 1.03*OBSERVED VO2max. The intercept and slope of this equation were not significantly different from 0 and 1, respectively. For 90.9% of the subjects in the cross-validation group, residual scores were within the range of +/- 5 ml.kg-1.min-1. In conclusion, this submaximal walking test based on a single stage of a treadmill protocol provides a valid and time-efficient method for estimating VO2max.

Development of a single-stage submaximal treadmill walking test.

Psychological changes associated with 16-wk moderate and low intensity exercise training programs, two of which possessed a cognitive component, were evaluated. Subjects were healthy, sedentary adults, 69 women (mean age = 54.8 +/- 8.3 yr) and 66 men (mean age = 50.6 +/- 8.0 yr). Participants were randomly assigned to a control group (C), moderate intensity walking group (MW), low intensity walking group (LW), low intensity walking plus relaxation response group (LWR), or mindful exercise (ME) group-a Tai Chi type program. Women in the ME group experienced reductions in mood disturbance (tension, P < 0.01; depression, P < 0.05; anger, P < 0.008; confusion, P < 0.02; and total mood disturbance, P < 0.006) and an improvement in general mood (P < 0.04). Women in the MW group noted greater satisfaction with physical attributes (body cathexis, P < 0.03), and men in MW reported increased positive affect (P < 0.006). No other differences were observed between groups on measures of mood, self-esteem, personality, or life satisfaction. Equivocal support is provided for the hypothesis that exercise plus cognitive strategy training programs are more effective than exercise programs lacking a structured cognitive component in promoting psychological benefits.

Ann Ward

Papers

Generalized equations for predicting body density of women

Estimation of VO2max from a one-mile track walk, gender, age, and body weight

A comparative analysis of four protocols for maximal treadmill stress testing

Development of a single-stage submaximal treadmill walking test.

Chronic psychological effects of exercise and exercise plus cognitive strategies.