Recent years have seen a rapid growth of interest by the scientific and engineering communities in the thermal properties of materials. Heat removal has become a crucial issue for continuing progress in the electronic industry, and thermal conduction in low-dimensional structures has revealed truly intriguing features. Carbon allotropes and their derivatives occupy a unique place in terms of their ability to conduct heat. The room-temperature thermal conductivity of carbon materials span an extraordinary large range--of over five orders of magnitude--from the lowest in amorphous carbons to the highest in graphene and carbon nanotubes. Here, I review the thermal properties of carbon materials focusing on recent results for graphene, carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbon materials with different degrees of disorder. Special attention is given to the unusual size dependence of heat conduction in two-dimensional crystals and, specifically, in graphene. I also describe the prospects of applications of graphene and carbon materials for thermal management of electronics.

Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials

Recent years witnessed a rapid growth of interest of scientific and engineering communities to thermal properties of materials. Carbon allotropes and derivatives occupy a unique place in terms of their ability to conduct heat. The room-temperature thermal conductivity of carbon materials span an extraordinary large range – of over five orders of magnitude – from the lowest in amorphous carbons to the highest in graphene and carbon nanotubes. I review thermal and thermoelectric properties of carbon materials focusing on recent results for graphene, carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbon materials with different degrees of disorder. A special attention is given to the unusual size dependence of heat conduction in two-dimensional crystals and, specifically, in graphene. I also describe prospects of applications of graphene and carbon materials for thermal management of electronics.

Thermal Properties of Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes and Nanostructured Carbon Materials

The article reviews the current status of a theoretical approach to the problem of the emission of gravitational waves by isolated systems in the context of general relativity. Part A of the article deals with general post-Newtonian sources. The exterior field of the source is investigated by means of a combination of analytic post-Minkowskian and multipolar approximations. The physical observables in the far-zone of the source are described by a specific set of radiative multipole moments. By matching the exterior solution to the metric of the postNewtonian source in the near-zone we obtain the explicit expressions of the source multipole moments. The relationships between the radiative and source moments involve many nonlinear multipole interactions, among them those associated with the tails (and tails-of-tails) of gravitational waves. Part B of the article is devoted to the application to compact binary systems. We present the equations of binary motion, and the associated Lagrangian and Hamiltonian, at the third post-Newtonian (3PN) order beyond the Newtonian acceleration. The gravitational-wave energy flux, taking consistently into account the relativistic corrections in the binary moments as well as the various tail eects, is derived through 3.5PN order with respect to the quadrupole formalism. The binary’s orbital phase, whose prior knowledge is crucial for searching and analyzing the signals from inspiralling compact binaries, is deduced from an energy balance argument.

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Gravitational Radiation from Post-Newtonian Sources and Inspiralling Compact Binaries.

The theory of large deviations is concerned with the exponential decay of probabilities of large fluctuations in random systems. These probabilities are important in many fields of study, including statistics, finance, and engineering, as they often yield valuable information about the large fluctuations of a random system around its most probable state or trajectory. In the context of equilibrium statistical mechanics, the theory of large deviations provides exponential-order estimates of probabilities that refine and generalize Einstein's theory of fluctuations. This review explores this and other connections between large deviation theory and statistical mechanics, in an effort to show that the mathematical language of statistical mechanics is the language of large deviation theory. The first part of the review presents the basics of large deviation theory, and works out many of its classical applications related to sums of random variables and Markov processes. The second part goes through many problems and results of statistical mechanics, and shows how these can be formulated and derived within the context of large deviation theory. The problems and results treated cover a wide range of physical systems, including equilibrium many-particle systems, noise-perturbed dynamics, nonequilibrium systems, as well as multifractals, disordered systems, and chaotic systems. This review also covers many fundamental aspects of statistical mechanics, such as the derivation of variational principles characterizing equilibrium and nonequilibrium states, the breaking of the Legendre transform for nonconcave entropies, and the characterization of nonequilibrium fluctuations through fluctuation relations.

The large deviation approach to statistical mechanics

Generalized Ginzburg-Landau and Cahn-Hilliard equations based on a microforce balance

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The collected papers of

List of Texts xiii List of Illustrations xxxiii INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL Introduction to Volume 14 xxxv Editorial Method of the Series lxxxv Acknowledgments xciii Note on the Translation xcv List of Abbreviations xcvi Location Symbols xcvii Descriptive Symbols c TEXTS 1 Alphabetical List of Correspondence 783 Chronology 805 Calendar of Abstracts 821 Appendixes 905 Literature Cited 1007 Index 1031 Index of Citations 1097

The collected papers of Albert Einstein

Numerical simulation is often a useful tool f or investigating the behaviour of complex systems with many degrees of freedom. Of the two major methods in this field, the Monte Carlo method and the molecular dynamics method, only the first has been applied to realistic models of lipid monolayers1–5. The term lipid monolayer is used here to describe a class of systems consisting of chain molecules on a liquid substrate, the characteristic properties of which can be summarized as follows. (1) The constituent molecules are amphipathic, that is they consist of a hydrophilic (polar) head group and one or more hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains. (2) Due to the amphipathic character of the molecules, the head groups are constrained to the plane of the substrate, whereas the tails are directed outwards from this plane. (3) The collective properties of the molecules are determined by their short-range repulsive and long-range attractive interactions and by the steric repulsion of the tails. We now present what we believe to be the first molecular dynamics simulation of a realistic model of a lipid monolayer. The model system, which has all three properties enumerated above, shows a first order phase transition from an ordered fluid-like state to a disordered, gas-like state.

Simulation of a lipid monolayer using molecular dynamics

* Preface * Stachel: Fresnel's (Dragging) Coefficient as a Challenge to 19th Century Optics of Moving Bodies * Katzir: Poincare's Relativistic Theory of Gravitation * Renn: Standing on the Shoulders of a Dwarf: General Relativity-A Triumph of Einstein and Grossman's Erroneous Entwurf Theory * Renn: Before the Riemann Tensor: The Emergence of Einstein's Double Strategy * Norton: A Conjecture on Einstein, the Independent Reality of Spacetime Coordinate Systems and the Disaster of 1913 * Lehner: Einstein and the Principle of General Relativity, 1916-1921 * Kennefick: Einstein and the Problem of Motion: A Small Clue * Brading: A Note on General Relativity, Energy Conservation, and Noether's Theorems * Rynasiewicz: Weyl vs. Reichenbach on Lichtgeometrie * Gale: Dingle and de Sitter Against the Metaphysicians, or Two Ways to Keep Modern Cosmology Physical * Kragh: George Gamow and the 'Factual Approach' to Relativistic Cosmology * Sanchez-Ron: George McVittie, The Uncompromising Empiricist * Smeenk: False Vacuum: Early Universe Cosmology and the Development of Inflation * Majer and Sauer: Hilbert's 'World Equations' and His Vision of a Unified Science * Wunsch: Einstein, Kaluza and the Fifth Dimension * Goenner: Unified Field Theory: Early History and Interplay between Mathematics and Physics * Mattingly: Is Quantum Gravity Necessary? * Wazeck: Einstein in the Daily Press: A Glimpse into the Gehrcke Papers * Goldberg: Syracuse: 1949-1952 * Newman: A Biased and PersonalDescription of GR at Syracuse University, 1951-1961

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The Universe of General Relativity

From the early days of the development of the general theory of relativity the Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz showed a lively and active interest in this theory of gravitation. He devoted much time and energy to understanding the theory and made several important contributions himself. In this paper I will discuss Lorentz's work in the field of general relativity; in addition I will address the question of the apparent discrepancy between Lorentz's enthusiasm for the general theory of relativity and his belief in the existence of an ether. It is well known that until his death in 1928 Lorentz kept insisting on the usefulness of an ether. In spite of his often-expressed admiration for Einstein's special theory of relativity, he preferred his own ether-based 'theory of electrons'. Lorentz admitted that his theory and the special theory of relativity had the same empirical consequences and that the ether could not be experimentally detected, but he maintained that some kind of ether was needed as carrier of the electromagnetic field. As he said in his Theory of Electrons: "I cannot but regard the ether, which can be the seat of an electromagnetic field with its energy and its vibrations, as endowed with a certain degree of substantiality, however different it may be from all ordinary matter."1 In the light of this and many similar statements it seems remarkable that Lorentz occupied himself with the general theory of relativity, in which the ether played no role whatsoever. I will show that, in fact, Lorentz's point of view was not inconsistent, and that he had the same objections against the general theory as against the special theory.

Anne J. Kox

Papers

The collected papers of

The collected papers of Albert Einstein

Simulation of a lipid monolayer using molecular dynamics

The Universe of General Relativity

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, the ether, and the general theory of relativity.