3. Compare the relative diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles and explain the significance in this size differential. The afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole which means that blood enters the glomerulus through a wider opening than the blood exiting the glomerulus, thus creating an increased “back pressure” (=hydrostatic filtration pressure). They hydrostatic pressure is higher in the glomerulus than in other capillaries. By varying the size of the afferent and/or arterioles, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may be increased or decreased.

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Human Anatomy and Physiology I

A stem cell-based approach to cartilage repair

Nowadays, non-resolving inflammation is becoming a major trigger in various diseases as it plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, asthma, cancer, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neurodegenerative disease, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, prolonged use of anti-inflammatory drugs is usually accompanied with undesirable effects and hence more patients tend to seek for natural compounds as alternative medicine. Considering the fact above, there is an urgency to discover and develop potential novel, safe and efficacious natural compounds as drug candidates for future anti-inflammatory therapy. Genistein belongs to the flavonoid family, in the subgroup of isoflavones. It is a phytoestrogen that is mainly derived from legumes. It is a naturally occurring chemical constituent with a similar chemical structure to mammalian estrogens. It is claimed to exert many beneficial effects on health, such as protection against osteoporosis, reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease, alleviation of postmenopausal symptoms and anticancer properties. In the past, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of genistein. Henceforth, this review aims to summarize the anti-inflammatory properties of genistein linking with the signaling pathways and mediators that are involved in the inflammatory response as well as its toxicity profile. The current outcomes are analysed to highlight the prospect as a lead compound for drug discovery. Data was collected using PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink and Scopus databases. Results showed that genistein possessed strong anti-inflammatory activities through inhibition of various signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), prostaglandins (PGs), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). A comprehensive assessment of the mechanism of action in anti-inflammatory effects of genistein is included. However, evidence for the pharmacological effects is still lacking. Further studies using various animal models to assess pharmacological effects such as toxicity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and bioavailability studies are required before clinical studies can be conducted. This review will highlight the potential use of genistein as a lead compound for future drug development as an anti-inflammatory agent.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.820969/pdf

Genistein: A Review on its Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) have recently gained considerable attention in the field of regenerative medicine Their high proliferation rate, differentiation ability into various cell lineages, easy collection procedure, immuno-privileged status, nontumorigenic properties along with minor ethical issues make them an ideal approach for tissue repair Besides, the number of WJ-MSCs in the umbilical cord samples is high as compared to other sources Because of these properties, WJ-MSCs have rapidly advanced into clinical trials for the treatment of a wide range of disorders Therefore, this paper summarized the current preclinical and clinical studies performed to investigate the regenerative potential of WJ-MSCs in neural, myocardial, skin, liver, kidney, cartilage, bone, muscle, and other tissue injuries

Regenerative potential of Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells: A new horizon of stem cell therapy.

The present paper deals with the electrochemical behavior of three types of sensors based on modified screen-printed electrodes (SPEs): a sensor based on carbon nanofibers (CNF/SPE), a sensor based on nanofibers of carbon modified with gold nanoparticles (CNF-GNP/SPE) and a biosensor based on nanofibers of carbon modified with gold nanoparticles and tyrosinase (CNF-GNP-Ty/SPE). To prepare the biosensor, the tyrosinase (Ty) was immobilized on the surface of the electrode already modified with carbon nanofibers and gold nanoparticles, by the drop-and-dry technique. The electrochemical properties of the three electrodes were studied by cyclic voltammetry in electroactive solutions, and the position and shape of the active redox peaks are according to the nature of the materials modifying the electrodes. In the case of ferulic acid, a series of characteristic peaks were observed, the processes being more intense for the biosensor, with the higher sensitivity and selectivity being due to the immobilization of tyrosinase, a specific enzyme for phenolic compounds. The calibration curve was subsequently created using CNF-GNP-Ty/SPE in ferulic acid solutions of various concentrations in the range 0.1-129.6 μM. This new biosensor allowed low values of the detection threshold and quantification limit, 2.89 × 10-9 mol·L-1 and 9.64 × 10-9 mol·L-1, respectively, which shows that the electroanalytical method is feasible for quantifying ferulic acid in real samples. The ferulic acid was quantitatively determined in three cosmetic products by means of the CNF-GNP-Ty/SPE biosensor. The results obtained were validated by means of the spectrometric method in the infrared range, the differences between the values of the ferulic acid concentrations obtained by the two methods being under 5%.

Development of a Novel Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Carbon Nanofibers-Gold Nanoparticles-Tyrosinase for the Detection of Ferulic Acid in Cosmetics.

Skin aging is a complex biological process due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Free radical oxidative is one of extrinsic factors that induce activation of collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase. Natural product from plants has been used as antioxidant and antiaging. This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant and antiaging properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract (HSE) and its compounds including myricetin, ascorbic acid, and β carotene. The phytochemical of H. sabdariffa was determined using modified Farnsworth method and presence of phenols, flavonoids and tannins were in moderate content, whereas triterpenoids and alkaloids were in low content. Total phenolic content performed using Folin-Ciocalteu method, was 23.85 μg GAE/mg. Quantitative analysis of myricetin, β-carotene, and ascorbic acid of HSE was performed with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) that shows 78.23 μg/mg myricetin, 0.034 μg/mg β-carotene, whilst ascorbic acid was not detected. HSE has lower activity on DPPH (IC50 = 195.73 μg/mL) compared to β-carotene, the lowest in ABTS assay (IC50 = 74.58 μg/mL) and low activity in FRAP assay (46.24 μM Fe(II)/μg) compared to myricetin, β-carotene. Antiaging was measured through inhibitory activity of collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase. HSE had weakest collagenase inhibitory activity (IC50= 750.33 μg/mL), elastase inhibitory activity (103.83 μg/mL), hyaluronidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 619.43 μg/mL) compared to myricetin, β-carotene, and ascorbic acid. HSE contain higher myricetin compared to β-carotene. HSE has moderate antioxidants and lowest antiaging activities. Myricetin is the most active both antioxidant and antiaging activities.

/pdf/antioxidant-and-antiaging-assays-of-hibiscus-sabdariffa-7ouwmjbngs.pdf

Antioxidant and Antiaging Assays of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract and Its Compounds

Aging is a complex process characterized by a progressive decline in
physiological function, followed by dysfunction, and ultimately, death.
Increase activity of hyaluronidase, elastase and collagenase, are documented
in skin aging. Free radicals can stimulate skin aging through antioxidant
system destruction, wrinkle formation, and melanogenesis. Antioxidant and
anti-aging agents have been recently developed from herbal plants. In this
study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of Jasminum
sambac extract (JSE). The phytochemical assay was performed with modified
Farnsworth method. Antioxidant assays were measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenger, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)
and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS)-reducing
activities. Anti-aging properties were measured through inhibitory activities of
collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase. Phytochemical analysis showed
presence of phenols, triterpenoids, and flavonoids in low level, and terpenoids
in high level. JSE showed higher DPPH-scavenging activity (IC50=94.13 ± 10.54
μg/mL) than eugenol (2.28 ± 0.12 μg/mL), but lower than hesperidin (226.34
± 4.96 μg/mL). JSE showed lowest ABTS-activity (IC50=39.20 ± 0.45 μg/mL)
compared to hesperidin and eugenol (IC50= 8.10 ± 0.60 and 1.56 ± 0.03 μg/mL,
respectively). The FRAP-reducing activity of JSE, hesperidin, and eugenol
showed JSE was the lowest activity at highest concentration (65.46, 178.16
and 402.42 μM Fe(II)/μg) respectively). JSE showed the lowest anticollagenase
activity (IC50=339.30 ± 7.87 μg/mL), anti-elastase (IC50=249.94 ±
16.51 μg/mL), and anti-hyaluronidase (IC50=269.26 ± 90.52 μg/mL) compared
to hesperidin, and eugenol. Overall, JSE has low antioxidant activity compared
to hesperidin and eugenol, as well as low anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and
anti-hyaluronidase activities.

Antioxidant and Antiaging Activities of Jasminum SambacExtract, and its Compounds

Objective(s): This study aimed to determine the collagen type II (COL2) and SOX9 expression in interleukin growth factor (IGF-1)-induced Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) and the level of chondrogenic markers in co-culture IGF1-WJMSCs and IL1β-CHON002 as osteoarthritis (OA) cells model. Materials and Methods: WJMSCs were induced with IGF1 (75, 150, and 300 ng/ml) to enhance their chondrogenesis capability. The gene expression of SOX9 and COL2 was evaluated with quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, IGF1-WJMSCs were co-cultured with IL1β-CHON002 cells in varied ratios (1:2, 1:1, 2:1). Chondrogenic markers ADAMTS1, ADAMTS5, MMP3, MMP1, and RANKL were measured with ELISA. Results: The IGF1-WJMSCs had an increased expression of COL2 and SOX9. ADAMTS1, ADAMTS5, MMP1, MMP3, and RANKL levels were decreased in the co-culture IGF1-WJMSCs and IL1β-CHON002. Conclusion: The IGF1-induced WJMSCs were capable to enhance chondrogenesis, indicated by increased expression of SOX9 and COL2 and decreased expression of ADAMTS1, ADAMTS5, MMP3, MMP1, and RANKL. These findings can be further used in the osteoarthritis treatment.

https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_10800_c2a5e0e49d2515c338f92027a45c9e8a.pdf

Effects of insulin-like growth factor-induced Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cells toward chondrogenesis in an osteoarthritis model.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease of the joints and bones due to trauma or other joint-related diseases (secondary). Synovial inflammation commonly causes disturbance in joint homeostasis, which is associated with OA. Enzymes such as aggrecanase and metalloproteinase generate cartilage damage, mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, are responsible for regulation of the extracellular matrix, cartilage degradation, and apoptosis of chondrocytes. This study aimed to observe the cell viability and expression level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-3) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) in human chondrocyte cells (CHON-002) induced by IL-1β. CHON-002 was induced with IL-1β (0.1, 1 and 10 ng/mL) as an OA model. The viability of the cells was measured with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxyme-thoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetra zolium (MTS) assay, while expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2, was evaluated by RT-PCR. The viability of IL-1β-induced CHON-002 (CHON-002- IL-1β) cells at day 1 and 5 showed that treatment with up to 10 ng/mL of IL-1β was not toxic. Expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in CHON-002-IL-1β was lower compared to control, while that of MMP-1 and MMP-3 was higher compared to control. These results indicate that CHON-002 treated with 10 ng/mL IL-1β has expression patterns consistent with chondrocyte damage, so the CHON-002-IL-1β system may serve as a model for MMP induction in OA.

Induction of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Chondrocytes by Interleukin IL-1β as an Osteoarthritis Model

. Inflammation response is related with various diseases. One of the useful therapeutic
method to suppress inflammatory mediator synthesis is by application of compounds isolated
from herbal medicine as treatment for inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to
analyse the anti-inflammatory activity of black soybean extract (BSE), daidzein, and genistein
trough in vitro analysis of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin 2 (PGE2) and cytokines
interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Safety of samples was determined
by viability test using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-
sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium). Concentration tested for viability assay were 40, 200, 1000
μg/mL for BSE, daidzein, and genistein. Anti-inflammation activity of samples was determined
by ELISA quantification of PGE-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β in conditioned medium (CM) of
supplemented pro-inflammatory activated RAW 264.7 cell. Inflammation on cells were induced
by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). BSE 1000 ug/ml, daidzein 1000 ug/ml, and genistein 1000 ug/ml
treatments shows <80% cell viability average compared to control cell, indicating the treatments
have cytotoxicity effect on RAW 264.7 cells. Hence, concentration used for treatments are 40
and 200 μg/mL for each sample. Genistein with concentration of 40 μg/ml treatment result shows
highest anti-inflammatory activity which indicated from PGE-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β
concentration. This study suggests that BSE, daidzein, and genistein with concentration of 40
and 200 μg/ml were safe to use for RAW 264.7 cell and genistein with concentration of 40 μg/ml
have the best anti-inflammatory activity compared to daidzein and BSE.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1374/1/012052/pdf

Annisa Amalia

Papers

Antioxidant and Antiaging Assays of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract and Its Compounds

Antioxidant and Antiaging Activities of Jasminum SambacExtract, and its Compounds

Effects of insulin-like growth factor-induced Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cells toward chondrogenesis in an osteoarthritis model.

Induction of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Chondrocytes by Interleukin IL-1β as an Osteoarthritis Model

Anti-Inflammation Assay of Black Soybean Extract and Its Compounds on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 264.7 Cell