This chapter discusses leading problems linked to energy that the world is now confronting and to propose some ideas concerning possible solutions. Oil deserves special attention among all energy sources. Since the beginning of 1981, it has merely been continuing and enhancing the downward movement in consumption and prices caused by excessive rises, especially for light crudes such as those from Africa, and the slowing down of worldwide economic growth. Densely-populated oil-producing countries need to produce to live, to pay for their food and their equipment. If the economic growth of the industrialized countries were to be 4%, even if investment in the rational use of energy were pushed to the limit and the development of nonpetroleum energy sources were also pursued actively, it would be extremely difficult to prevent a sharp rise in prices. It is evident that it is absolutely necessary to pursue actively the development of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power if a physical shortage of energy is not to block economic growth.

World energy outlook

A sparse auto-encoder-based deep neural network approach for induction motor faults classification

Recently, research concerning electrical machines and drives condition monitoring and fault diagnosis has experienced extraordinarily dynamic activity. The increasing importance of these energy conversion devices and their widespread use in uncountable applications have motivated significant research efforts. This paper presents an analysis of the state of the art in this field. The analyzed contributions were published in most relevant journals and magazines or presented in either specific conferences in the area or more broadly scoped events.

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Advances in Electrical Machine, Power Electronic, and Drive Condition Monitoring and Fault Detection: State of the Art

hysteresis in magnetism (electromagnetism)

Handbook Of Heat Transfer

As a kind of traction device, interior permanent-magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs) are widely used in modern electric vehicles. This paper performs a design and comparative study of IPMSMs with different rotor topologies (spoke-type PMs, tangential-type PMs, U-shape PMs, and V-shape PMs). The research results indicate that the IPMSM with V-shape PMs is more satisfying with comprehensive consideration. Furthermore, the IPMSM with V-shape PMs is investigated in detail. The influences of geometrical parameters (magnetic bridge and angle between the two V-shape PMs under each pole, etc.) on the performances of V-shape motor are evaluated based on finite-element method (FEM). For accurate research, the effects of saturation, cross-magnetization, and the change in PM flux linkage on d - and q -axis inductances are considered. The back-electromotive force (EMF), flux leakage coefficient, average torque, torque ripple, cogging torque, power per unit volume, power factor, and flux-weakening ability are investigated, respectively. The experimental results verify the validity and accuracy of the process presented in this paper.

Research on the Performances and Parameters of Interior PMSM Used for Electric Vehicles

Magnetoelasticity, magnetic forces and magnetostriction in electrical machines

A directly coupled magneto-mechanical model is proposed for simulating the effect of the magnetostriction and electromagnetic stress in iron. The model is based on the general balance laws of electromagnetism, mechanics, and continuum thermodynamics. It is implemented in 2-D by using a conforming finite element method for the magnetic vector potential and the displacement field. The method is applied to two different types of induction machines.

FEM for directly coupled magneto-mechanical phenomena in electrical machinesKatarzyna

We present a new method for improving the magnetic loss properties of a certain class of isotropic vector hysteresis models based on the Mayergoyz model. We show that the Mayergoyz model possesses the necessary features for representing vector hysteresis but falls short of satisfying the loss property under rotating magnetic fields with magnitudes close to saturation. Therefore, we propose a new simple method to improve the loss property of the Mayergoyz model while keeping the essential features of the model. The method is based on removing the irreversible process persisting at saturation and hence correcting the magnetization behavior of the Mayergoyz model. We present thorough discussions about the properties of the new model as well as numerical results supported by experiments.

Improving Loss Properties of the Mayergoyz Vector Hysteresis Model

This paper presents a method for determining the signatures of electrical faults in the airgap force distribution and vibration pattern of induction machines. The monitoring of faults is achieved through measurement of the vibrations of the stator frame. The radial electromagnetic force distribution along the airgap, which is the main source of vibration, is calculated and developed into double Fourier series in space and time. Finite element simulations of faulty and healthy machines are performed; they show that the electromagnetic force distribution is a sensible parameter to the changes in the machine condition. The computations show the existence of low-frequency and low-order force distributions acting on the stator of the electrical machine when it is working under fault conditions. The simulation results are corroborated by vibration measurements on an induction motor with implemented broken bars and an inter-turn short circuit. The measurements and simulations show that low-frequency components of the vibrations can be used as identifiable signatures for condition monitoring of induction motors. The determination of the vibration frequency corresponding to a given electric fault in a given machine can be achieved through numerical simulations of the magnetic field and electromagnetic forces in the cross-section of the machine, without need for complex structural analysis.

Anouar Belahcen

Papers

Research on the Performances and Parameters of Interior PMSM Used for Electric Vehicles

Magnetoelasticity, magnetic forces and magnetostriction in electrical machines

FEM for directly coupled magneto-mechanical phenomena in electrical machinesKatarzyna

Improving Loss Properties of the Mayergoyz Vector Hysteresis Model

Signatures of electrical faults in the force distribution and vibration pattern of induction motors