https://www.chem.ccu.edu.tw/~joyce/referance/gump/IL/Chem.%20Rev.%201999,%2099,%202071.pdf

Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis

In contrast to a recently expressed, and widely cited, view that “Ionic liquids are starting to leave academic labs and find their way into a wide variety of industrial applications”, we demonstrate in this critical review that there have been parallel and collaborative exchanges between academic research and industrial developments since the materials were first reported in 1914 (148 references)

Applications of ionic liquids in the chemical industry

Structure and nanostructure in ionic liquids.

Tetrathiafulvalenes, oligoacenenes, and their buckminsterfullerene derivatives: the brick and mortar of organic electronics.

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) has been implicated in many stress conditions. Control of H 2 O 2 levels is complex and dissection of mechanisms generating and relieving H 2 O 2 stress is difficult, particularly in intact plants. We have used transgenic tobacco with ∼10% wild‐type catalase activity to study the role of catalase and effects of H 2 O 2 stress in plants. Catalase‐deficient plants showed no visible disorders at low light, but in elevated light rapidly developed white necrotic lesions on the leaves. Lesion formation required photorespiratory activity since damage was prevented under elevated CO 2 . Accumulation of H 2 O 2 was not detected during leaf necrosis. Alternative H 2 O 2 ‐scavenging mechanisms may have compensated for reduced catalase activity, as shown by increased ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase levels. Leaf necrosis correlated with accumulation of oxidized glutathione and a 4‐fold decrease in ascorbate, indicating that catalase is critical for maintaining the redox balance during oxidative stress. Such control may not be limited to peroxisomal H 2 O 2 production. Catalase functions as a cellular sink for H 2 O 2 , as evidenced by complementation of catalase deficiency by exogenous catalase, and comparison of catalase‐deficient and control leaf discs in removing external H 2 O 2 . Stress analysis revealed increased susceptibility of catalase‐deficient plants to paraquat, salt and ozone, but not to chilling.

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Catalase is a sink for H2O2 and is indispensable for stress defence in C3 plants.

Two strains of Trichoderma harzianum were both found to produce the volatile metabolites 6-n-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one and 6-n-pentenyl-2H-pyran-2-one. The pentyl analogue, the major product, demonstrated potent inhibitory properties to a wide range of fungi and considerably reduced the rate of damping off in lettuce seedlings by Rhizoctonia solani during in vitro testing.

Antifungal alkyl pyrones of Trichoderma harzianum

Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and conductivity measurements showed that the 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cation, [emim]+, not only forms strong hydrogen bonds (using all three ring protons H2, H4 and H5) with halide ions in polar molecular solvents (e.g. ethanenitrile) and ionic liquids, but that it exists in a quasi-molecular state, [emim]X, in non-polar solvents (e.g. trichloro- and dichloro-methane), showing a conventional aromatic stacking phenomenon.

Evidence for hydrogen bonding in solutions of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium halides, and its implications for room-temperature halogenoaluminate(III) ionic liquids

C70O has been isolated in ca. 0.5% yield
by HPLC separation of the soot extract obtained from a novel
arc-discharge reactor for fullerene production. The reactor (DC
conditions) can be operated continuously for 24 h, employs a rotating
cathode and an anode consisting of continuously-fed strips cut from a
carbon sheet. The 13C NMR spectrum of C70O shows
that two isomers (1,2-epoxy[70]fullerene and 5,6-epoxy[70]fullerene) are
present in a ratio of ca. 43∶57 and all 37 peaks
corresponding to each isomer have been identified. These are the first
[70]fullerene derivatives in which 5,6-addition is preferred over
1,2-addition, this preference probably deriving from the considerable
strain that accompanies bridging with a single atom; the greater
curvature across the 1,2-positions compared with the 5,6-positions
therefore disfavours the former. Differential polarisabilities of the
electrons of the 1,2- and 5,6-bonds, a factor producing a variation in
reactivity order according to the attacking reagent (but not considered
hitherto in the context of fullerene chemistry) may also be significant.
The epoxides are unstable towards EI mass spectrometry, in contrast to
epoxides possessing additional addends, and this may reflect the reduced
cage strain present in the latter.

Isolation and characterisation of C70O

/pdf/degradation-of-c-60-by-light-2r713hq8dh.pdf

Degradation of C 60 by light

Reaction of an excess of iodine monochloride with C60, in either benzene or toluene at room temperature, gives a quantitative yield of C60Cl6, the 13C NMR spectrum of which indicates that it is isostructural with C60Br6.

Anthony G. Avent

Papers

Antifungal alkyl pyrones of Trichoderma harzianum

Evidence for hydrogen bonding in solutions of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium halides, and its implications for room-temperature halogenoaluminate(III) ionic liquids

Isolation and characterisation of C70O

Degradation of C 60 by light

Preparation and 13C NMR spectroscopic characterisation of C60Cl6