A meta-analysis of 32 comparative studies showed that computer-based education has generally had positive effects on the achievement of elementary school pupils. These effects have been dif- ferent, however, for programs of @line computer-managed instruction (CMI) and for interactive computer-assisted (CAI). The average effect in 28 studies of CAI programs was an increase in pupil achievement scores of O. 47 standard deviations, or from the 50th to the 68th percen- tile. The average effect in four studies of CMI programs, however, was an increase in scores of only O. 07 standard deviations. Study features were not significantly related to study outcomes. Computers are fast becoming an important factor in elementary school teaching. The number of computers in American elementary schools has increased by a factor of at least 10 during this decade, and the majority of schools now own them (Becker, 1983). The use of computers in teaching is nonetheless a difficult subject to bring into focus. Researchers and developers disagree on some of the basic issues. Even the terminology in the area is open to dispute. The acronym CAI is often used, but it is variously interpreted as standing for computer-assisted instruc- tion, computer-aided instruction, computer-augmented instruction, or computer-administered instruction. Other terms used in the area are computer-managed instruction, computer- based learning, and computer-based instruction. Computer-based education, or CBE, is becoming increasingly popular as a generic term for the area because it encom-

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Effectiveness of Computer-Based Education in Secondary Schools.

Effectiveness of computer-based education in elementary schools

http://treeves.coe.uga.edu/edit6900/BertelsmannReeves98.pdf

The Impact of Media and Technology in Schools A Research Report prepared for The Bertelsmann Foundation

Is the Internet a US invention?—an economic and technological history of computer networking

A computerized translation method with universal application to all natural languages is provided. With this method, parameters are changed only when source or target languages are changed. The computerized method can be regarded as a self-contained system, having been developed to accept input tests in the source language, and look up individual (or sequences of) textwords in various dictionaries. On the basis of the dictionary information, sequences of operations are carried out which gradually generate the multiplicity of computer codes needed to express all the syntactic and semantic functions of the words in the sentence. On the basis of all the codes and target meanings in the dictionary, plus synthesis codes of such meanings, translation is carried out automatically. Procedures which generate and easily update main dictionaries, idiom dictionaries, high frequency dictionaries and compound dictionaries are integral parts of the system.

Method using a programmed digital computer system for translation between natural languages

Run, computer, run : the mythology of educational innovation.

High and low politics: Information resources for the 80s

Automatic language translation

Putting together a book from conference presentations is a tricky business. Often, papers given at conference are necessarily brief and insufficiently detailed due to the time constraints of oral presentations. Pehaps more often than is desireable, work is presented in a less-than-final stage-empirical studies may still be in progress and conceptual papers may not be fully formulated. In addition, many conferences are forums for presentations by graduate students and junior faculty--people who are beginning their careers and who may not have published much. For a book of this sort to have merit, selected papers should be complete and make significant contributions to the field. The majority of papers in this volume fail on both counts.

Behind the telephone debates

Many claims have been made about the potential value of modern technological equipment and techniques for the improvement of education. In this article the authors evaluate some of these claims in ...

Anthony G. Oettinger

Papers

Run, computer, run : the mythology of educational innovation.

High and low politics: Information resources for the 80s

Automatic language translation

Behind the telephone debates

Educational Technology: New Myths and Old Realities