Twenty participants completed test rides in a normal and an Automated Highway System (AHS) vehicle in a driving simulator. Three AHS conditions were tested: driving in a platoon of cars at 1 sec and at 0.25 sec time headway and driving as a platoon leader. Of particular interest was overreliance on the automated system, which was tested in an emergency condition where the automated system failed to function properly and the driver actively had to take over speed control to avoid an uncomfortable short headway of 0.1 m. In all conditions driver behavior and heart rate were registered, and ratings of activation, workload, safety, risk, and acceptance of the AHS were collected after the test rides. Results show lower physiological and subjectively experienced levels of activation and mental effort in conditions of automated driving. In the emergency situation, only half of the participants took over control, which supports the idea that AHS, as any automation, is susceptible to complacency. This condition re...

Driver behavior in an emergency situation in the Automated Highway System

Automated Highway Systems (AHS) have the potential for offering large capacity and safety gains without requiring significant amounts of additional right-of-way The feasibility of an AHS hinges upon the automation technology, including the vehicle design, infrastructure design and operating strategy The major design options for operating a fully automated AHS are discussed For each of the options, the major potential impact on AHS performance is indicated Six fully automated AHS operating scenarios featuring variations in three design options critical to the human factors of AHS operations are proposed

Design options for operating automated highway systems

Potential safety benefits of intelligent cruise control systems.

This is the final and primary report of a PATH project which focused on developing and demonstrating methods by which the safety of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) can be assured, assessed and evaluated. Safety considerations were studied for automated freeways, driver aids, and copilots.

Methods Of Analysis Of IVHS Safety

This research project is concerned with sensor validation and sensor fusion as part of a five module hierarchical architecture for supervisory control. The goal is to enhance reliability and safety of the Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) by taking into consideration the uncertainty of sensors and the system. Potential hazards are detected and feasible maneuvers are recommended within the upper modules of the architecture.

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Intelligent Sensor Validation And Sensor Fusion For Reliability And Safety Enhancement In Vehicle Control - eScholarship

When accidents occur on a fully automated freeway, driver error will rarely be relevant. Design should not err in ensuring that equipment failure will not cause hazards. An attempt to demonstrate satisfactory methods of requirement specification and hazard analysis is described. The case treated is a single automated lane on a freeway that also has lanes for other vehicles and shares on- and off-ramps with them. When hazards are specified, it appears that the system configuration is determined. A number of concepts have merged and seem likely to be basic to all hazard-avoiding designs. These concepts are identified and described. No method has been found for demonstrating that the set of hazards is complete. Peer criticism of those proposed is therefore earnestly sought because, as explained, these are the axioms on which the logical structure that demonstrates safety is to be based.

Intelligent vehicle-highway system safety: problems of requirement specification and hazard analysis

Estimates of accident savings ascribed to the intelligent vehicle-highway system (IVHS) and IVHS devices have been published by Mobility 2000. These estimates were obtained through the use of expert judgment applied to various configurations of accidents, for which data are available in standard sources. Similar work has been done in Europe. The availability of in-depth data sets and other more detailed sources enabled estimates to be made on a quantitative basis. Methods used in European and U.S. work are discussed, and results are compared. An account is given of a possible development of the evaluation technique that can provide greater precision and might facilitate the choice between different realizations of the same requirement. Finally, the possibility of interactions among different devices on the same or different vehicles that might hinder safety is identified. The need for systematic configuration management of IVHS is emphasized.

Anthony Hitchcock

Papers

Intelligent vehicle-highway system safety: problems of requirement specification and hazard analysis

Intelligent vehicle-highway system safety: approaches for driver warning and copilot devices