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Knowledge Of Language Its Nature Origin And Use

The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution, Susan Oyama. Cambridge University Press (1985), ix, +206. Price £8·95 (paperback)

From the proceedings of a conference in Portugal in 1990, Gibson and Ingold have assembled a stimulating collection of empirical and theoretical studies from primatology, developmental psychology, archaeology, and social anthropology that attempt to get at the heart of how human beings differ from nonhuman primates and in what circumstances those differences might have appeared in hominine evolution. The most salient difference seems to be that in the ontogeny of nonhuman primates, \"physical\" and \"logical\" (including symbolic and referential) cognitions develop consecutively, whereas in humans they develop in tandem and recursively. This synergistic development produces what Gibson calls \"constructional intelligence\": a species-specific interdependence of what otherwise are functionally dissassociable aspects of cognition. Kempler reports that lexical and pantomimic (i.e., symbolic) deficits in Alzheimer's victims are not paralleled by deficits in syntax or motor behavior. This implies that highly organized serial-order functions--implicated in stone toolmaking and language syntax--are disassociated from the symbolic, referential aspect of cognition. Thus, the component parts of human constructional intelligence may have evolved in a mosaic fashion, with the serial-motor component--as reflected, for example, in left-hemisphere cortical structures--substantially antedating the symbolic/referential component. Since it is in the latter component that modern humans differ radically from even the most precocious bonobo, the behavior of Oldowan hominines may have differed less from that of living apes than is commonly assumed. McGrew, in fact, suggests that the Oldowan archaeological record could have been produced by pongids. His assertion is supported by contributions that review the technical, symbolic, and learning capacities of nonhuman primates and by others that challenge the assumption that

Tools, language and cognition in human evolution

Neandertals are the best-studied of all extinct hominins, with a rich fossil record sampling hundreds of individuals, roughly dating from between 350,000 and 40,000 years ago. Their distinct fossil remains have been retrieved from Portugal in the west to the Altai area in central Asia in the east and from below the waters of the North Sea in the north to a series of caves in Israel in the south. Having thrived in Eurasia for more than 300,000 years, Neandertals vanished from the record around 40,000 years ago, when modern humans entered Europe. Modern humans are usually seen as superior in a wide range of domains, including weaponry and subsistence strategies, which would have led to the demise of Neandertals. This systematic review of the archaeological records of Neandertals and their modern human contemporaries finds no support for such interpretations, as the Neandertal archaeological record is not different enough to explain the demise in terms of inferiority in archaeologically visible domains. Instead, current genetic data suggest that complex processes of interbreeding and assimilation may have been responsible for the disappearance of the specific Neandertal morphology from the fossil record.

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Neandertal demise: an archaeological analysis of the modern human superiority complex.

What's a Mother to Do?

This paper examines the origins of language, as treated within Evolutionary Anthropology, under the light offered by a biolinguistic approach. This perspective is presented first. Next we discuss how genetic, anatomical, and archaeological data, which are traditionally taken as evidence for the presence of language, are circumstantial as such from this perspective. We conclude by discussing ways in which to address these central issues, in an attempt to develop a collaborative approach to them.

/pdf/the-archaelogical-record-speaks-1dohjypali.pdf

The archaelogical record speaks

El reciente analisis de ADN fosil de dos Neandertales procedentes de la Cueva El Sidron (Asturias) ha revelado que los Neandertales poseian las mutaciones del gen FOXP2 consideradas especificas de los humanos modernos. Dado que FOXP2 esta implicado en el desarrollo y uso del lenguaje, tal hallazgo esta provocando una revision delas capacidades simbolicas y comunicativas atribuidas hasta ahora a la referida especie. El objetivo de este trabajo es triple: (1) aclaramos que dichas mutaciones no pueden considerarse causa suficiente para atribuir a un organismo una facultad linguistica compleja; (2) el hallazgo no puede, por tanto, usarse para defender que losNeandertales tenian una facultad linguistica de tipo moderno; (3) defendemos que la asimetria comportamental entre Neandertales y humanos modernos que muestra el registro arqueologico tampoco es compatible con tal vision.

/pdf/homo-loquens-neanderthalensis-en-torno-a-las-capacidades-3jkoc1tkzj.pdf

¿Homo loquens neanderthalensis? En torno a las capacidades simbólicas y lingüísticas del Neandertal

Two Neandertals from El Sidron (Asturias) have been recently analyzed for possible mutations in FOXP2, a gene involved in the faculty of language. Although this gene was believed to be specific to modern humans, the analysis in question revealed otherwise. Such a discovery is raising a reassessment of symbolic and communicative capacities attributed to Neandertals so far. Our purpose is threefold: (1) to make the point that the relevant mutations do not suffice to attribute to an organism a complex linguistic faculty; (2) accordingly, the discovery cannot be used to defend that Neandertals had a modern linguistic faculty; (3) we contend that behavioral asymmetries between Neandertals and modern humans, as shown by the archaeological record, also argues against that view. LABURPENA Asturiasko El Sidron haitzuloko bi neanderthalen DNA fosilari berriki egindako azterketari esker, Neanderthalek FOXP2 genean mutazioak zituztela jakin dugu. Mutazio horiek gizaki modernoek soilik zituztela uste genuen orain arte. FOXP2 gene horrek hizkuntzaren garapenarekin eta erabilerarekin zerikusia duenez, neanderthalen gaitasun sinbolikoa eta komunikaziorako gaitasuna aztertzen hasi dira. Lan honek hiru helburu ditu: (1) mutazio horiek ezin ditugu hizkuntza-gaitasun konplexuaren frogatzat hartu; (2) hori dela eta, aurkikuntza hori ezin dugu erabili neanderthalek hizkuntza-gaitasun modernoa zutela argudiatzeko; eta (3) arkeologia-erregistroan ikus daitekeen neanderthalen eta gizaki modernoen arteko jarreren asimetriak ikuspegi hori ez dela zuzena erakusten digu.

Homo loquens neanderthalensis? On the symbolic and linguistic capacities of Neandertals

To what point are specific the specific language impairments? Some biological characterization of the human linguistic faculty An increasing corpus of clinical, neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and genetic evidences seems to put into question the idiosyncratic nature of the so-called specific language impairments Methodological caveats could be in part responsible for some of the problems that arise when trying to precisely characterize and distinctively define this kind of cognitive disorders However, those evidences also seem to demand a thorough re-examination of the conventional description of how the “language organ” is structured, and how it develops and works A main conclusion here will be that the “language organ” emerges during ontogeny as a result of an innate programme (genetically encoded to some extent), which, nevertheless, is always conditioned by the molecular and the ontogenetic background of the organism, and also by the environment in which the subject lives Inside this “organ” different neuronal structures jointly work in order to properly process linguistic stimuli, though each of these components are simultaneously able to compute different types of inputs Key words: Aphasia, comorbidity, dyslexia, environment, genetic programme, language, linguistic ontogeny, modularity, molecular biology, SLI

https://www.ludus-vitalis.org/ojs/index.php/ludus/article/download/299/289

¿Hasta qué punto son específicos los trastornos específicos del lenguaje? Implicaciones para una caracterización biológica de la facultad lingüística humana

Modern humans exhibit phenotypic traits that are shared across independent domestication events, suggesting the human self-domestication hypothesis. Epigenetic changes may facilitate early self-domestication in humans, since they can be the first layer of response to a novel environment. Here, we argue that fish provide model systems to study epigenetic drivers in human self-domestication. To do this, we compare genes that carry epigenetic changes in early domesticates of European sea bass with 1) anatomically modern humans and 2) neurodevelopmental cognitive disorders with abnormal self-domestication traits, i.e., schizophrenia, Williams syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. We found that genes with epigenetic changes in fish and in modern vs ancient humans were shared and were involved in processes like limb morphogenesis and phenotypes like abnormal snout morphology and hypopigmentation. Moreover, early domestication in fish and neurodevelopmental cognitive impairment in humans affected paralogue genes involved in processes such as neural crest differentiation and ectoderm differentiation. We conclude that parallel epigenetic changes may occur at the initial steps of domestication in absence of deliberate selection in phylogenetically distant vertebrates. These findings pave the way for future studies using fish as models to investigate epigenetic changes as drivers of human-self domestication and as triggers of cognitive disorders.

/pdf/fish-as-model-systems-to-study-epigenetic-drivers-in-human-2h7irpdp.pdf

Antonio Benítez Burraco

Papers

The archaelogical record speaks

¿Homo loquens neanderthalensis? En torno a las capacidades simbólicas y lingüísticas del Neandertal

Homo loquens neanderthalensis? On the symbolic and linguistic capacities of Neandertals

¿Hasta qué punto son específicos los trastornos específicos del lenguaje? Implicaciones para una caracterización biológica de la facultad lingüística humana

Fish as Model Systems to Study Epigenetic Drivers in Human Self-Domestication and Neurodevelopmental Cognitive Disorders