The share of migrants in European populations is substantial and growing, despite a slowdown in immigration after the global economic crisis. This paper describes key aspects of migration and health in Europe, including the scale of international migration, available data for migrant health, barriers to accessing health services, ways of improving health service provision to migrants, and migrant health policies that have been adopted across Europe. Improvement of migrant health and provision of access for migrants to appropriate health services is not without challenges, but knowledge about what steps need to be taken to achieve these aims is increasing.

Health in Europe 5 Migration and health in an increasingly diverse Europe

The political origins of health inequity: prospects for change

While there exists sizeable literature documenting the importance of ethnic networks for international trade, little attention has been devoted to studying the effects of networks on foreign direct investment (FDI). The existence of ethnic networks may positively affect FDI by promoting information flows across international borders and by serving as a contract enforcement mechanism. This paper investigates the link between the presence of migrants in the United States and U.S. FDI in the migrants' countries of origin, taking into account the potential endogeneity concerns. The results suggest that U.S. FDI abroad is positively correlated with the presence of migrants from the host country. The data further indicate that the relationship between FDI and migration is driven by the presence of migrants with a college education.

Migrant Networks and Foreign Direct Investment

Immigration policies and the treatment of immigrants and refugees are contentious issues involving uncertainty and unease. The media may take advantage of this uncertainty to create a crisis mentality in which immigrants and refugees are portrayed as “enemies at the gate” who are attempting to invade Western nations. Although it has been suggested that such depictions promote the dehumanization of immigrants and refugees, there has been little direct evidence for this claim. Our program of research addresses this gap by examining the effects of common media portrayals of immigrants and refugees on dehumanization and its consequences. These portrayals include depictions that suggest that immigrants spread infectious diseases, that refugee claimants are often bogus, and that terrorists may gain entry to western nations disguised as refugees. We conclude by discussing the implications of the findings for understanding how uncertainty may lead to dehumanization, and for establishing government policies and practices that counteract such effects.

Uncertainty, Threat, and the Role of the Media in Promoting the Dehumanization of Immigrants and Refugees

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Free to Choose: A Personal Statement

Argument 1: Immigration has beneficial effects in terms of lowering the average age of the population and stimulating growth without inflation. There are two sides to this argument. First, immigration significantly reduces the average age of the population thereby helping to guarantee the future labour supply, or indeed to expand the existing labour supply directly without having to pay training costs. This benefits productivity directly. Secondly, an abundance of migrant workers in low-paid jobs allows or contributes to a model of non-inflationary growth.

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Towards a fair deal for migrant workers in the global economy

This article examines the responses of trade union confederations to the impact of the international crisis of 2007-2010 in Portugal and in Spain. Both countries had socialist governments in power and were in particularly vulnerable positions when the crisis struck. During this period trade union confederations negotiated social pacts and called general strikes. Drawing from the literature on social pacts, general strikes and on the identities and strategic actions of trade unions, the article explores the dynamics of government policies and trade union responses and their implications for the relationship between social pacts and general strikes.

Crisis and trade union challenges in Portugal and Spain: between general strikes and social pacts

Social Pacts in Europe. New Dynamics

Lucas’ fascinating book is divided into three parts. The introduction begins by analysing the context and determinants of migration. Lucas then moves on to look at the economic repercussions of migration for development in the migrants’ countries of origin, paying particular attention to the emigration of highly skilled professionals and the cost of this brain drain for local development. He also examines the influence of irregular immigration on the host country. Finally, Lucas considers the economic policy of the four main migration regimes. The four case study areas are the European Union, North America, the Persian Gulf and East Asia. The book addresses two main issues: immigration policy and its features in the four major areas mentioned above, and the effects of migration on economic development in both the sending and the receiving country. Recent years have seen an unprecedented growth in immigration across the OECD countries, whose level of economic development is a powerful factor in attracting labour. Migration also appears to have a profound effect on development in the migrants’ countries of origin. The Washington Consensus agenda was geared towards promoting trade, but it also led to the establishment of certain principles, such as the idea of ‘correct prices’ aimed at preventing the devastating effects that trade liberalisation can have on developing countries. The fact that remittances sent by migrants to their country of origin appear to have a critical influence on these countries’ balance of payments is proof positive of the economic importance of migration. Indeed, for some countries, remittances are the biggest or second biggest source of foreign currency.

International migration and economic development. Lessons from low-income countries

This article discusses social mobilization of young people in European countries over the last four years in the context of economic crisis, austerity policies and worsening conditions for young people. Two main issues are explored. First, the article examines, on the basis of the European Social Survey 2010, youth participation in protests in European countries and the factors influencing their participation: labour market conditions, education, institutional participation, and satisfaction with the functioning of democracy and the economy. Secondly, it takes a closer look at recent youth protest developments in 2011 and 2012 in southern European countries, focusing on their extent, nature and agendas.

Antonio Martín Artiles

Papers

Towards a fair deal for migrant workers in the global economy

Crisis and trade union challenges in Portugal and Spain: between general strikes and social pacts

Social Pacts in Europe. New Dynamics

International migration and economic development. Lessons from low-income countries

Youth voice(s) in EU countries and social movements in southern Europe