인공고관절의 세라믹 볼 헤드의 기계적 안정성 평가를 위한 3 차원 유한요소 해석

The aim of this review was to undertake a survey of researchers working with plant-parasitic nematodes in order to determine a ‘top 10’ list of these pathogens based on scientific and economic importance. Any such list will not be definitive as economic importance will vary depending on the region of the world in which a researcher is based. However, care was taken to include researchers from as many parts of the world as possible when carrying out the survey. The top 10 list emerging from the survey is composed of: (1) root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); (2) cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.); (3) root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.); (4) the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis; (5) Ditylenchus dipsaci; (6) the pine wilt nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; (7) the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis; (8) Xiphinema index (the only virus vector nematode to make the list); (9) Nacobbus aberrans; and (10) Aphelenchoides besseyi. The biology of each nematode (or nematode group) is reviewed briefly.

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Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology

■ Abstract This review examines the discovery of naturally occurring phytochemicals antagonistic toward plant-parasitic and other nematodes. Higher plants have yielded a broad spectrum of active compounds, including polythienyls, isothiocyanates, glucosinolates, cyanogenic glycosides, polyacetylenes, alkaloids, lipids, terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, quassinoids, steroids, triterpenoids, simple and complex phenolics, and several other classes. Many other antinematodal compounds have been isolated from biocontrol and other fungi. Natural products active against mammalian parasites can serve as useful sources of compounds for examination of activity against plant parasites. The agricultural utilization of phytochemicals, although currently uneconomic in many situations, offers tremendous potential.

Phytochemical based strategies for nematode control.

Top 10 plant parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology in (Abstracts from the 6th International Congress of Nematology, Cape Town, South Africa, 4-9 May 2014)

Mechanisms of nematode suppression by organic soil amendments—A review

Using marigold (Tagetes spp.) as a cover crop to protect crops from plant-parasitic nematodes

http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~atploeg/PDF%20PAPERS/crop%20protection06.pdf

Differential response of Mi gene-resistant tomato rootstocks to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita)

A PCR-based assay for identification of six species of Pratylenchus common in California is described. In this assay, five forward species-specific primers were designed from the internal variable portion of the D3 expansion region of the 26S rDNA and were each used with a single, common reverse primer. The optimized species-specific primers produced unique amplicons from their respective target and did not amplify DNA from other Pratylenchus species. With this assay we were able to identify single females to species level. This method obviates the need for subsequent RFLP or sequence analysis of the PCR product and can be used as a rapid diagnostic tool in epidemiological and management studies.

Discrimination of six pratylenchus species using PCR and species-specific primers.

Root-knot nematode-susceptible melons (Cantaloupe) were grown in pots with varying levels of Meloidogyne incognita and were compared to susceptible melons that were grafted onto Cucumis metuliferus or Cucurbita moschata rootstocks. In addition, the effect of using melons as transplants in nematode-infested soil was compared to direct seeding of melons in nematode-infested soil. There were no differences in shoot or root weight, or severity of root galling between transplanted and direct-seeded non-grafted susceptible melon in nematode-infested soil. Susceptible melon grafted on C. moschata rootstocks had lower root gall ratings and, at high nematode densities, higher shoot weights than non-grafted susceptible melons. However, final nematode levels were not lower on the grafted than on the non-grafted plants, and it was therefore concluded that grafting susceptible melon on to C. moschata rootstock made the plants tolerant, but not resistant, to the nematodes. Grafting susceptible melons on C. metuliferus rootstocks also reduced levels of root galling, prevented shoot weight losses, and resulted in significantly lower nematode levels at harvest. Thus, C. metuliferus may be used as a rootstock for melon to prevent both growth reduction and a strong nematode buildup in M. incognita-infested soil.

/pdf/use-of-cucumis-metuliferus-as-a-rootstock-for-melon-to-2x0e58xz1f.pdf

Use of Cucumis metuliferus as a Rootstock for Melon to Manage Meloidogyne incognita

The generation time and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita was studied under five soil temperatures. The life cycle was completed on tomato between average soil temperatures of 16.2°C and 30.0°C but not at 35.4°C. On the marigold(Tagetes hybrid) variety Polynema the life cycle was completed only at 30.0°C. Estimates for the base temperature (Tb) and the required heat sum (S) were 10.1°C and 400°C. day respectively. The thermal time relationship for completion of the life cycle of M. incognita is discussed in relation to those of other Meloidogyne species. Influence de la temperature sur la duree du cycle biologique d'une population de Meloidogyne incognita - La duree du cycle et la reproduction de Meloidogyne incognita ont ete etudiees a cinq temperatures. Sur tomate, le cycle peut s'accomplir a des temperatures moyennes du sol s'etageant de 16,2 a 30,0°C, mais non a 35,4°C. Sur oeillet d'Inde (hybride de Tagetes de la variete Polynema), le cycle ne s'accomplit qu'a 30,0°C. La temperature de base (Tb) et la demande thermique (S) sont estimees a, respectivement, 10,1°C et 400°C/jours. La relation temperature/temps relative a l'accomplissement du cycle biologique est discutee et comparee au cas des autres especes du genre.

Antoon T. Ploeg

Papers

Using marigold (Tagetes spp.) as a cover crop to protect crops from plant-parasitic nematodes

Differential response of Mi gene-resistant tomato rootstocks to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita)

Discrimination of six pratylenchus species using PCR and species-specific primers.

Use of Cucumis metuliferus as a Rootstock for Melon to Manage Meloidogyne incognita

Effects of temperature on the duration of the life cycle of a Meloidogyne incognita population