Pharmacological methods in phytotherapy research Vol 1: selection, preparation and pharmacological evaluation of plant material

Exploration of allelochemicals with phytotoxic effects is intended to minimize a current dependency on synthetic herbicides in weed management. Several allelochemicals from the tropical tree Cerbera manghas (sea mango) have been reported as termiticides and bactericides. The present study investigated possible phytotoxic effects of C. manghas leaf extracts under laboratory conditions. Four monocots: barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli ), foxtail fescue ( Vulpia myuros ), Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ), and timothy ( Phleum pratense ) and four dicots: alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ), garden cress ( Lepidium sativum ), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ), and rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) were used as test species. Elongation of both shoots and roots of seedlings was measured to assess any phytotoxic effects. The results showed that the sensitivities of shoots and roots were different between the test species, and the inhibition of seedling elongation significantly increased with increasing concentration of leaf extracts of C. manghas for all the test species. The IC 50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values showed that 8.50–32.30 and 4.26–34.67 mg dry weight equivalent extract mL −1 of C. manghas inhibited seedling elongation by 50%, for shoots and roots respectively. Isolation and identification of the phytotoxic substances from C. manghas are suggested for future investigation.

https://pbsociety.org.pl/journals/index.php/aa/article/download/aa.1720/7335

Phytotoxic effects of Cerbera manghas L. leaf extracts on seedling elongation of four monocot and four dicot test species

Modelling the mpacts of land use/land cover changing pattern on urban thermal characteristics n Kuwait

The main objective of present research investigation is to formulate the Moxifloxacin.HCl Fast Dissolving tablets. Moxifloxacin.HCl, a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, and used to treatacute bacterial sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. The Fast Dissolving tablets of Moxifloxacin.HCl were prepared employing different concentrations of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium in different combinations as a Superdisintegrants by Direct Compression technique using 32 factorial design. The concentration of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2 respectively whereas, wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, and t90%were selected as dependent variables. Totally nine formulations were designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, Assay, Wetting time, Disintegration time, In-vitro drug release. From the Results concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept (a), slope (b) & regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for Wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90%. Validity of developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations (C1, C2). According to SUPAC guidelines the formulation (F5) containing combination of 7.5% Crospovidone and 7.5% Croscarmellose, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor f2=68.88, dissimilarity factor f1= 3.35& No significant difference, t= 0.00354) to marketed product (AVELOX-400). The selected formulation (F5) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion Super Case-II Transport (n= 1.902).

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Moxifloxacin.HCL Fast Dissolving Tablets

Prediction of urban expansion by using land cover change detection approach

Urbanization leads to the construction of various urban infrastructures in the city area for residency, transportation, industry, and other purposes, which causes major land use change. Consequently, it substantially affects Land Surface Temperature (LST) by unbalancing the surface energy budget. Higher LST in city areas decreases human thermal comfort for the city dwellers and affects the urban environment and ecosystem. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation is needed to evaluate the impact of land use change on the LST. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were used for the detailed investigation. RS data for the years 1993, 2007 and 2020 during summer (March–May) in Dhaka city were used to prepare land cover maps, analyze LST, generate hazard maps and relate the land cover change with LST by using GIS. The results show that the built-up area in Dhaka city increased by 67% from 1993 to 2020 by replacing lowland mainly, followed by vegetation, bare soil and water bodies. LSTs found in the study area were ranged from 23.26 to 39.94 °C, 23.69 to 43.35 °C and 24.44 to 44.58 °C for the years 1993, 2007 and 2020, respectively. The increases of spatially distributed maximum and mean LST were found 4.62 °C and 6.43 °C, respectively, for the study period of 27 years while the change in minimum LST was not substantial. LST increased by around 0.24 °C per year and human thermal discomfort shifted from moderate to strong heat stress for the total study period due to the increase of built-up and bare lands. This study also shows that normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI) were negatively correlated with LST while normalized difference built-up Index (NDBI) and normalized difference built-up Index (NDBAI) were positively correlated with LST. The methodology developed in this study can be adapted to other cities around the globe.

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Impact of Land Cover Changes on Land Surface Temperature and Human Thermal Comfort in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

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Formulation development and evaluation of carvedilol tablet

The objective of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical nature (group determination of plant constituents) as well as the antioxidant and analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of the Cerbera manghas L. leaves (Family: Apocynaceae) . Phy tochemical an alysis of ethanolic extract of Cerbera manghas leaves indicated the presence of carbohydrate (reducing sugars), alkaloids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids & glycosides. The extract exhibited significant (P<0.01) analgesic effect in acetic acid i nduced writhing of white albino mice at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. The extract inhibited 30.65% writhing in mice and it is comparable to the activity of the standard analgesic drug Diclofenac sodium (79.03% P<0.001 ) at the dose of 25 mg/kg body wei ght. The extract showed the antioxidant property by the presence of strong yellow spot on a purple background on the TLC plate and i n the free radical scavenging activity study (DPPH assay) the extract showed significant antioxidant activity ( IC 50 ~ 269.1 5 µg/ml ) which is comparable to standard ( Ascorbic Acid , IC 50 ~14.45 μg/ml) . The findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of Cerbera manghas leaves possess antioxidant and analgesic activities.

http://www.irjponline.com/admin/php/uploads/1792_pdf.pdf

Assessment of phytochemical and pharmacological properties of ethanoli c extract of cerbera manghas l. leaves

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of transurethral resection of bladder neck in the management of primary bladder neck obstruction (PBNO) in female Patients and Methods: This prospective study has been done with thirty female patients aged from 27 to 48 years who were presented with difficult micturition or urinary retention. These patients had unremarkable physical findings with normal perianal sensation, anal sphincter tone and lower extremity reflexes. Patients associated with cystocele, meatal stenosis, stricture urethra, urethral caruncle and urethral diverticula that may lead to mechanical bladder outflow obstruction were excluded from the study. Preoperative investigations include uroflowmetry, ultrasonography, serum creatinine, urethrocystoscopy with simultaneous “water flow test” was done. Seven patients presented with obstructed voiding symptom without renal impairment (serum creatinine, mean±SEM 1.24±0.04) and were initially treated with á-blocker (category A). Among the other 23 patients those had renal impairment 18 presented with near retention and these patients were on indwelling catheterization before operation (category B, serum creatinine, mean±SEM 2.72±0.13).Rest of the 5 patients presented with nausea, vomiting, and disorientation in addition to near retention and were put on haemodialysis along with indwelling catheterization to reach near normal creatinine level before operation(category C, serum creatinine, mean±SEM,9.34±0.96 ). PBNO causing voiding difficulty were diagnosed in all the cases and were undergone transurethral bladder neck resection (BNR). Three months after operations, their preand post-operative symptoms were analyzed, and serum creatinine levels, ultrasonographic findings (MCC, PVR), uroflowmetric study were compared. Results: Twenty-nine (96.33%) Patients become symptom free. Their average preand post-operative values of MCC (Maximum Cystometric Capacity), PVR (Post Voidal Residual urine), Qmax (Peak urinary flow during uroflowmetric study, Serum creatinine level were changed from 679.50 to 482.17ml, from 574.50 to 29.37ml, from 8.43 to 29.37ml/sec, from 3.48 to 1.13 mg/dl respectively. One patient (3.33%) did not continent ever postoperatively. One patient had become dry after using pad for stress incontinent for one month only. Serum creatinine level of category C patient did not reach to the normal level (post operative creatinine level Mean±SEM,2.8±0.15)within this three moths follow up period. Conclusions: Our short term follow-up suggests that judicious Transurethral BNR is effective in relieving voiding difficulty due to primary bladder neck obstruction in female. A thorough gynaecological, neurological and urological examination is essential along with uroflowmetric, ultrasonographic and cystoscopic study to reach a correct diagnosis and making a treatment plan.

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Transurethral Resection of Bladder Neck in the Management of Primary Bladder Neck Obstruction in Female: Our Preliminary Experience in Bangladesh

The present study was designed to investigate the suitable diluents and to develop a robust formulation of Calcium acetate tablet. For comparative study six different formulations (F-1 to F-6) of Calcium acetate were designed and tablets were manufactured by wet granulation manufacturing method. The granules were evaluated for angle of repose, loose bulk density, tapped bulk density, compressibility index, Hausner ratio, Angle of repose and drug content. Then the prepared tablets were evaluated in terms of their physical parameters including weight variation, hardness, friability, thickness and disintegration time. In vitro release studies were performed using USP type II apparatus (paddle method) in 900 mL of Purified water at 50 rpm for 30 minutes and finally assay carried out for evaluation and characterization of these formulations. The tablets of formulation F-1 showed better performance as compared to others in terms of dissolution and other physical parameters and our result suggests that Calcium acetate should be formulated by using maize starch as diluent to remove processing complexities.

/pdf/formulation-and-evaluation-of-calcium-acetate-tablet-1uxnk56yoz.pdf

Anwar Hossain

Papers

Impact of Land Cover Changes on Land Surface Temperature and Human Thermal Comfort in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

Formulation development and evaluation of carvedilol tablet

Assessment of phytochemical and pharmacological properties of ethanoli c extract of cerbera manghas l. leaves

Transurethral Resection of Bladder Neck in the Management of Primary Bladder Neck Obstruction in Female: Our Preliminary Experience in Bangladesh

Formulation and Evaluation of Calcium Acetate Tablet