Women and human development: the capabilities approach

If equal employment opportunities were a reality, one would expect all salaries to be more or less randomly distributed between the genders. The data does not show random distribution. Of the awards studied in depth, 11 of the 18 showed a statistically significant different salary between women and men. Two awards had a marginal probability of significance, and five had a probability of significance of less than five per cent. The data shows clearly the need for EEO initiatives for women within the health service and identifies the areas of greatest concern. The many questions raised through this general analysis of the data will guide further research and the development of an EEO management plan that is specific to the needs of the Palmerston North Area Health Board. Also highlighted is the need for similar statistics showing the composition of the workforce by ethnicity and disability. Only when this has been obtained and analysed can specifically targeted EEO programmes be developed to meet the workforce needs of the Board. Other Boards interested in receiving a statistical analysis of their workforce by gender should contact Patrick Mulcahy at the National Health Statistics Centre, Private Bag 2, Upper Willis Street, Wellington, phone (04) 844-167.

Women and men.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/40969831.pdf

Of saving, the demand for wealth and the supply of capital*

This paper distills and extends recent research on the economics of human development and social mobility. It summarizes the evidence from diverse literatures on the importance of early life conditions in shaping multiple life skills and the evidence on critical and sensitive investment periods for shaping different skills. It presents economic models that rationalize the evidence and unify the treatment effect and family influence literatures. The evidence on the empirical and policy importance of credit constraints in forming skills is examined. There is little support for the claim that untargeted income transfer policies to poor families significantly boost child outcomes. Mentoring, parenting, and attachment are essential features of successful families and interventions to shape skills at all stages of childhood. The next wave of family studies will better capture the active role of the emerging autonomous child in learning and responding to the actions of parents, mentors and teachers.

The Economics of Human Development and Social Mobility

The Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics (ABCDE) is a leading forum for advanced, forward-looking research on important development issues. Each year, the ABCDE brings policy makers and politicians together with researchers from academe, international organizations, and think tanks. The diverse perspectives of the international development community mingle and coalesce through in-depth debates on important themes on the development agenda. The 2008 ABCDE was devoted to the theme 'the private sector and development' and highlighted such issues as financial inclusion, key factors in the business climate, and the provision of public services by non-state actors.

Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 2008, Global: Private Sector and Development

Purpose




This study aims to investigate whether microcredit programme has a positive impact on productive poors. Several areas of investigation include clients’ borrowing behaviour, level of savings and before-and-after psychological well-being comparison.




Design/methodology/approach




A case-study survey of 398 clients of a microcredit programme run by a charity organisation in Jakarta, Indonesia, was conducted in 2012. Descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation analyses were then performed to show the variation of different variables among the respondents and how they correlate with socio-demographic indicators.




Findings




The result shows an indication that microcredit brings positive impact on the clients’ welfare; however, the effect is not linear and there might be an optimum borrowing frequency. Moreover, the output also suggests that age, level of income and level of savings are three important determinant of borrowing behaviour.




Research limitations/implications




Although the result can be justified, it is necessary to be cautious about its generalisability because of limited number of sample and non-randomised sample selection.




Originality/value




Although the microcredit programme examined in this study has been operating since 2010, there is by far no comprehensive study to assess its impact on the welfare of the clients. This study attempts to fill in the gap by providing an analysis on how microcredit programme increases the welfare of the clients. In addition, as part of the continuous improvement programme, the study also identifies a number of factors that might indicate the clients’ borrowing behaviour.

Does microcredit improve wellbeing? Evidence from Indonesia

Exploring the importance of financial literacy within the Capability Approach framework

/pdf/msme-lending-and-bank-efficiency-evidence-from-indonesia-2g9a6gym8o.pdf

MSME lending and bank efficiency: Evidence from Indonesia

This study aims to investigate the impact of the existence of foreign banks on the allocation of loans and lending rates in Indonesia. The first part of this study examines the impact of the ownership types of the foreign banks on credit allocation based on borrower types, i.e: corporations and small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and loan currency. In addition, we estimate determinants of lending rate, by taking into account the impact of foreign bank’s modes of entry, bank characteristics, macroeconomics variables, and bank market structure. This study found that foreign banks that enter the Indonesian banking market via Greenfield investments and takeover tend to channel lower proportion of credit for the SMEs. In addition, Greenfield foreign banks provide more loans in foreign currency, a result that can be explained by the notion that foreign banks have better access to world capital market and possibly serve more large firms and foreign clients in foreign currencies. The last result confirms that Greenfield banks in general charge lower lending rates on the credits.

Does Foreign Bank Entry Improve Credit Allocation and Lending Rates?: Evidence from Indonesia

The advancement of technology affects the life of the modern society in many ways. One of the technology innovations in the financial sector that grows rapidly at the moment is electronic money. Electronic money has entered the life of Indonesians for the last decade, and the number of electronic money providers is keep increasing. The competition has become tighter between popular electronic providers, with Gopay as the market leader according to its number of users. This research aims to examine the determinants that influence customers’ adoption and intention to recommend electronic money in Indonesia, by focusing on Gopay. The data was collected through a survey on 270 Gopay users in DKI Jakarta, West Java, and Banten. The method employed in this research is structural equation model using LISREL. The result indicates that effort expectancy, facilitating condition, habit, compatibility and perceived technology security are significant factors that influence customers’ intention to adopt Gopay. It is also shown that customers’ intention to adopt Gopay affects their intention to recommend the technology.

Arief Wibisono Lubis

Papers

Does microcredit improve wellbeing? Evidence from Indonesia

Exploring the importance of financial literacy within the Capability Approach framework

MSME lending and bank efficiency: Evidence from Indonesia

Does Foreign Bank Entry Improve Credit Allocation and Lending Rates?: Evidence from Indonesia

Understanding the Determinants of Customer Adoption and Intention to Recommend Electronic Money in Mobile Payments: The Case of Gopay in Indonesia