Improving the nutritional quality of rice grains through modulation of bioactive compounds and micronutrients represents an efficient means of addressing nutritional security in societies which depend heavily on rice as a staple food. White rice makes a major contribution to the calorific intake of Asian and African populations, but its nutritional quality is poor compared to that of pigmented (black, purple, red orange, or brown) variants. The compounds responsible for these color variations are the flavonoids anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, which are known to have nutritional value. The rapid progress made in the technologies underlying genome sequencing, the analysis of gene expression and the acquisition of global 'omics data, genetics of grain pigmentation has created novel opportunities for applying molecular breeding to improve the nutritional value and productivity of pigmented rice. This review provides an update on the nutritional value and health benefits of pigmented rice grain, taking advantage of both indigenous and modern knowledge, while also describing the current approaches taken to deciphering the genetic basis of pigmentation.

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The Genetic Basis and Nutritional Benefits of Pigmented Rice Grain.

Background Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most popular staple food grain and an important source of fibre, energy, minerals, vitamins, and other biomolecules. Rice parts exhibited a number of health beneficial effect in pre-clinical/clinical studies. Rice constituents are getting popularity in preparation of pharmaceutical adjuvant, food additives and supplements. Scope & approach In this paper, we summarized the available literature on health-promoting and therapeutic activity of rice and rice biomolecules, and biomolecules, along with the scope of rice in pharmaceutical and food industry. In addition, we discussed the possible molecular mechanisms of action of the rice/rice part/biomolecules. Key findings Vitamin E, γ-oryzanol, phenolic acids (i.e. ferulic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid), anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (i.e. epicatechin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), flavonoids (i.e. quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, tricin), carotenoids (i.e. lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene) and phytosterol (i.e. stigmasterol, β-sitosterol) are some key rice biomolecules. Promoting endogenous antioxidants, scavenging free radicals, suppression of inflammatory/pro-inflammatory cytokinins (i.e. interleukin 6, cyclooxygenase, tumor necrosis factor, NOS) are some key antioxidant, anti-inflammatory mechanism of rice biomolecules. Rice bran cause apoptosis, inhibit DNA synthesis of cancer cell. Rice bran and biomolecules found effective against diabetes by enhancing insulin release and glucose uptake, inhibiting β-cell destruction, insulin resistance, carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme and AGE formation. Rice bran/rice bran oil enhanced LDL receptor, CYP7A1, SREBP-2 and excretion of faecal cholesterol and bile acid, while reduced cholesterol absorption, HMG-CoA reductase, fatty acid synthase. Rice and its biomolecules also exhibited nephroprotective, neuroprotective, GIT protective activity. Rice starch is getting importance in the pharmaceutical industry as an adjuvant.

Rice - not just a staple food: A comprehensive review on its phytochemicals and therapeutic potential

Medicinal plants have served humans since prehistoric times to treat various ailments. Both developed and underdeveloped countries rely on traditional systems of medication using natural sources from plants. Phyllanthus is one of the largest genus in the family Phyllanthaceae, comprising over 700 well known species cosmopolitan in distribution mainly in the tropics and subtropics. Phyllanthus species are being in constant used in traditional medications to cure an array of human diseases (constipation, inhalation related, arthritis, loss of appetite, injuries, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea, running nose, common cold, malaria, blennorrhagia, colic, diabetes mellitus, dysentery, indigestion, fever, gout, gonorrheal diseases of males and females, skin itching, jaundice, hepatic disorders, leucorrhea, vaginitis, menstrual irregularities, obesity, stomach pains, and tumors), confectionaries, food industry, and in some pesticides. Phyllanthus species are rich in diversity of phytochemicals e.g., tannins, terpenes, alkaloids, glycosidic compounds, saponins, and flavones etc. More in depth studies are a direly needed to identify more compounds with specific cellular functions to treat various ailments.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/10/2567/pdf

Chemical Components and Biological Activities of the Genus Phyllanthus: A Review of the Recent Literature.

Among flavonoid derivatives, tiliroside is a flavonoid contained in several edible plants or specific plant parts (fruits, leaves, or roots). These parts are often widely used as both food and medicines, in the treatment of various ailments and, in some cases, as food supplements. Considering the easy access to many publications concerning tiliroside and the lack of a review that summarizes the current progress in studies on its safety, efficacy, and presence in the plant kingdom, we present here a review paper on tiliroside and its principal derivatives. The paper also highlights the basic knowledge regarding this molecule, its derivatives, and the analytical approaches used for extraction and quantification, as well as reports on the biological activities against different key enzymes linked to various human diseases. The reported information is also devoted to highlighting the concept "learn from nature to discover new products," particularly in the development of new drugs, food supplements, and nutraceuticals, starting from a natural lead compound such as tiliroside and improving its biological activities (and selectivities) against a specific target for therapeutic purposes.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1541-4337.12389

A Review on the Dietary Flavonoid Tiliroside.

Background: There are many local black rice cultivars in Indonesia, yet only a few of these are formally described in the literature. It has been reported that black rice has many phytochemical variants which may contribute to its use as a functional food, including nutraceuticals and secondary metabolites such as anthocyanin, oryzanol, and more. The purpose of this article was to review literature describing black rice cultivars from Indonesia, with a particular focus on its potential use as a functional food. Our literature search revealed several articles that describe black rice in relation to its nutraceutical properties and its role in reducing non-communicable diseases. Other studies describe the diversity of local pigmented rice and its potential for lowering the risk of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and for cancer prevention. Black rice has been described as a functional food in several countries; however, there is great diversity among cultivars and further research on Indonesian varieties will determine whether local variants are candidates as well for the development of functional foods. Keywords : black rice cultivar, functional food, non-communicable diseases, nutraceutical, phytochemical

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Black rice as a functional food in Indonesia

Background: Black rice bran contains bioactive compounds; previous studies have shown the ethanol extract of black rice bran (EEBRB) can decrease levels in diabetic rats. 

Aims and Objective: To elucidate the mechanism of antidiabetic effect of EEBRB.

Materials and Methods: This research was carried out by setting a few parameters for antidiabetic. The effects of inhibition of the enzyme alpha-glucosidase performed with in vitro studies using the extracted enzyme of intestines of mice. A total of 5 mL alpha-glucosidase enzyme was incubated for 5 min with EEBRB 1 mL with a serial concentration in phosphate buffer pH 7.2. Enzyme inhibitory effect was determined by measuring the concentration of formed glucose with Lane–Eynon method. The insulin level and glucose-lowering activity were determined on rats induced by alloxan 150 mg/kg and treated with EEBRB. Treated rats for 28 days were sacrificed and were prepared for histopathological observation of pancreas. 

Result: EEBRB was able to inhibit the activity of the enzyme a-glucosidase on glucose with IC50 values of 121 ± 12.3 mg%. The EEBRB extract dose of 100 mg/kg was able to decrease blood sugar levels to 151 ± 38.58 mg/dL. The level of insulin in diabetic rats administered by EEBRB dose of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg was obtained 6.52 ± 5.94, 11.5 ± 3.5, and 15.20 ± 9.5 ng/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, histopathological observations showed an improvement on the pancreatic beta cells. 

Conclusion: Antidiabetic mechanism of EEBRB is associated with increased insulin levels because of regeneration of pancreatic beta cells in diabetic rats.

Antidiabetic mechanism of ethanol extract of black rice bran on diabetic rats

Background: Previous research showed that the extract of guazuma leaves had cytotoxic activity on various cancer cell lines. One of the chemical markers of Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk. is tiliroside. 

Aims and Objectives: The aim and objective of this study was to determine the cytotoxic effects of tiliroside on T47D and MCF7 and their mechanisms. 

Materials and Methods: Tiliroside (was isolated by laboratory Biological Pharmacy of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, was confirmed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry/MS). The antiproliferative activity was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry methods. 

Results: Tiliroside has cytotoxic activity with inhibitory concentration 50% on T47D and MCF7 which was 67.79 and 100.00 μg/ml, respectively. Based on the immunocytochemistry, tiliroside on T47D cell lines induced apoptosis which is mediated by the activation of Caspases 8 and 9 and decreased expression of Bcl-2 protein without interference with gen protein 53 (p53). In line with the previous one, tiliroside on MCF7 cell lines induced apoptosis through extrinsic ways due to the underexpression of p53 and Caspase 9 and increase in the expression of Bcl-2 and Caspase 8. 

Conclusions: The antiproliferative effects of tiliroside are higher on T47D than MCF7 cancers cell lines. Based on molecular analysis, antiproliferative mechanism was by apoptosis through extrinsic pathways.

Antiproliferative properties of tiliroside from Guazuma ulmifolia lamk on T47D and MCF7 cancer cell lines

Background: Phyllanthus niruri, Thymus vulgaris, Centella asiatica, and Apium graveolens L. have been frequently used as medical herbs for various diseases. However, the use of the herbs is not based on any evidence of their contents. 

Aims and Objective: To examine their potential activity of becoming antioxidant, using in vitro and in vivo models and isolate active compound. 

Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of the samples was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as radical compounds. The decrease of DPPH radical was measured using spectrophotometer at 517 nm, after an incubation for 30 min. The highest antioxidant activity of the sample was then continued with in vivo model using Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Paracetamol was used as an inducer to increase the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma, with doses of 2.5 g/kg BW. The rats were divided into four groups: negative control, dose of 50 mg/kg BW, dose of 100 mg/kg BW, and dose of 200 mg/kg BW. Isolation method was guided by antioxidant activity by using fractionation and column chromatography. The obtained compound was then characterized by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and compared with the earlier study. 

Result: The IC50 value of these samples were 14.21 ± 0.73; 14.41 ± 1.13; 98.66 ± 9.59; and 237.33 ± 17.26 mg/mL, respectively, and the total phenolic contents were 81.59 ± 2.85; 154.09 ± 11.61; 6.36 ± 3.99; 2.03 ± 0.78 mg/g of sample extract, respectively. The in vivo study showed that P. niruri with dose of 100 mg/kg BW and 200 mg/kg BW were able to reduce MDA levels by 90.44% and 92.64%, respectively. Meanwhile, the proton and carbon NMR spectra showed that the isolate was quercetin. The IC50 value of the isolate, being 5.85 mg/mL, was lower than that of vitamin E, which was 6.85 mg/mL. 

Conclusion: The extract shows a potential effect with antioxidant activity, both in in vitro and in vivo models. Quercetin is the active compound, the antioxidant activity of which is higher than that of vitamin E.

Antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus niruri L. herbs: in vitro and in vivo models and isolation of active compound -

PENGARUH DECOCTA DAUN LIDAH BUAYA ( Aloe vera L) TERHADAP KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH KELINCI YANG DIBEBANI GLUKOSA

Preliminary research showed that meniran herbs (Phyllanthus niruri L.) had various biological activities such as anticarcinogen, hepatoprotective, antioxidant. A medicinal plant to be developed into a standardized herbal medicine, it is needed safety test in animal (preclinic test). This study aimed to evaluate the influence of ethanolic extract of meniran on liver function in rats given for the long term. A total of 36 male and female rats were divided into 3 groups: control (aquadest), ethanolic extract of meniran with dose 50 mg/kgbw and 250 mg/kgbw, each group consisted of 6 rats. Treatment was given with repeated doses for 90 days. To evaluate the liver function, there were 2 parameters: quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data include SGPT (serum glutamate piruvate transaminase) and SGOT (serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase) and qualitative data was histopathology of liver. SGPT and SGOT level were measured on days 0, and 90. SGPT and SGOT level were compared between before and after treatment using paired t test with a 95% confidence level. Data of histopathology compared to the control group. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of meniran dose 50 and 250 mg/kg body weight administered repeatedly for 90 days had no toxic effect on liver function of male and female rats.

Arifah Sri Wahyuni

Papers

Antidiabetic mechanism of ethanol extract of black rice bran on diabetic rats

Antiproliferative properties of tiliroside from Guazuma ulmifolia lamk on T47D and MCF7 cancer cell lines

Antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus niruri L. herbs: in vitro and in vivo models and isolation of active compound -

PENGARUH DECOCTA DAUN LIDAH BUAYA ( Aloe vera L) TERHADAP KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH KELINCI YANG DIBEBANI GLUKOSA

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL MENIRAN (Phyllanthus niruri L) SELAMA 90 HARI TERHADAP FUNGSI HATI TIKUS