Large liquid argon detectors have become widely used in low rate experiments, including dark matter and neutrino research. However, the optical properties of liquid argon are not well understood at the large scales relevant for current and near-future detectors. The index of refraction of liquid argon at the scintillation wavelength has not been measured, and current Rayleigh scattering length calculations disagree with measurements. Furthermore, the Rayleigh scattering length and index of refraction of solid argon and solid xenon at their scintillation wavelengths have not been previously measured or calculated. We introduce a new calculation using existing data in liquid and solid argon and xenon to extrapolate the optical properties at the scintillation wavelengths using the Sellmeier dispersion relationship.

Index of refraction, Rayleigh scattering length, and Sellmeier coefficients in solid and liquid argon and xenon

A review is given covering the retarding field and electrostatic deflection energy analyser types, since these are the most suitable for use with both ions and electrons. Deflection analysers are considered for various field configurations; the main lines of development are discussed, including a guide to the numerous recent publications dealing with their design and performance.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3735/6/11/001/pdf

Energy analysers for charged particle beams

Fundamental studies of the sampling process in an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer-I: Langmuir probe measurements

Fundamental studies of the sampling process in an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer-II: Ion kinetic energy measurements

We describe the construction and performance of a new electron spectrometer for analysis of low kinetic energy electrons, 0–2000 eV. The design of the analyzer is based on computer calculations and combines many favorable properties of both the retarding and the deflection energy analyzer. The energy analyzer consists of a set of electrodes with cylindrical symmetry and a planar retarding field grid followed by an electrode system with postmonochromatic action. Therefore a differential spectrum is obtained directly. The performance of the analyzer is discussed in terms of resolution, sensitivity, luminosity, and signal‐to‐background. The resolution achieved is 0.5%, with a resolution of 30 meV, making it possible to resolve and study electronic vibrational levels in atoms and molecules. A few spectra of nitrogen and argon are shown as representative of the performance of the new analyzer.

A New Retarding Field Electron Spectrometer with Differential Output

Measurements of the well known electron impact spectra of helium show that a retarding field energy analyzer can give spurious responses; these can be minimized but not eliminated by careful adjustments of the operating potentials. Probable sources of the trouble are discussed.

/pdf/instrumental-effects-in-a-retarding-field-energy-analyzer-1pq3o3ouur.pdf

Instrumental Effects in a Retarding Field Energy Analyzer

The use of rare gas resonance line lamps as sources of monochromatic radiation for photochemical studies is well known.(1-5) Argon is ideally suited for photoionization studies of the simpler hydrocarbons which have ionization potentials below 11.6 eV. It has resonance lines at 1048 A (11.83 eV) and 1067 A (11.62 eV), with no other emission lines between 1050 and 2000 A when pressures less than 1 Torr are used.

/pdf/argon-resonance-line-lamp-for-vacuum-ultraviolet-2iziggq8l0.pdf

Aron Kuppermann

Papers

Instrumental Effects in a Retarding Field Energy Analyzer

Argon resonance line lamp for vacuum ultraviolet photochemistry