Wireless Sensor Network nodes are battery powered nodes. Main focus of this article is to reduce the energy wastage and increase the lifetime of Wireless Sensor network by balancing the energy level of all nodes in network. Sensor nodes are small, cheap; resource limited devices and sensing the environment and communicating with each other. It consumes energy to transmit, to forward and to receive the data over network. Network lifetime is depends on energy level of nodes, depends on processing power of node, memory and transmitter power. Transmitting speed and receiving speed are differing from node to node. Saving more energy of sensor node by using energy efficient algorithms, the network lifetime will get increased. Survey is based on different techniques, which are to avoid the energy wastage of nodes in network and its success.

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Energy Saving Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks

• Designing a novel combined chaotic system based on 1D chaotic system. • Designing a novel construction method of S-boxes. • Designing a novel construction method of P-boxes. • Designing a novel lightweight block encryption algorithm based on combined chaotic system. • The encryption algorithm is tested in detail to prove its security and applicability to resource constrained devices Due to the high complexity of traditional block cipher, which is not suitable for resource constrained devices such as wireless sensors. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel lightweight block encryption algorithm based on combined chaotic system. Firstly, a novel combined chaotic system with good pseudo-random characteristics is proposed to construct S-boxes with high security and p-boxes with excellent diffusion performance. Secondly, a novel lightweight encryption and decryption structure are designed based on Feistel encryption structure, which reduces the computational complexity and memory consumption of the encryption and decryption process, and the designed round function can use different lengths of block and key, which means the structure has excellent scalability. The software and hardware implementation test and security test results show that the proposed lightweight block encryption algorithm based on combined chaotic system (LBCCS) provides an efficient and secure encryption way for the resource constrained devices. 

A Novel Lightweight Block Encryption Algorithm Based on Combined Chaotic System

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been an exciting topic in recent years. The services offered by a WSN can be classified into three major categories: monitoring,
alerting, and information on demand. WSNs have been used for a variety of applications related to the environment (agriculture, water and forest fire detection), the military, buildings, health (elderly people and home monitoring), disaster relief, and area or industrial monitoring. In most WSNs tasks like processing the sensed
data, making decisions and generating emergency messages are carried out by a remote server, hence the need for efficient means of transferring data across the network.
Because of the range of applications and types of WSN there is a need for different kinds of MAC and routing protocols in order to guarantee delivery of data from
the source nodes to the server (or sink). In order to minimize energy consumption and increase performance in areas such as reliability of data delivery, extensive research has been conducted and documented in the literature on designing energy efficient protocols for each individual layer. The most common way to conserve
energy in WSNs involves using the MAC layer to put the transceiver and the processor of the sensor node into a low power, sleep state when they are not being used. Hence the energy wasted due to collisions, overhearing and idle listening is reduced. As a result of this strategy for saving energy, the routing protocols need
new solutions that take into account the sleep state of some nodes, and which also enable the lifetime of the entire network to be increased by distributing energy usage between nodes over time. This could mean that a combined MAC and routing protocol could significantly improve WSNs because the interaction between the MAC and network layers lets nodes be active at the same time in order to deal with data transmission. In the research presented in this thesis, a cross-layer protocol based on MAC and routing protocols was designed in order to improve the capability of WSNs for a range of different applications. Simulation results, based on a range of realistic scenarios, show that these new protocols improve WSNs by reducing their energy consumption as well as enabling them to support mobile nodes, where necessary. A number of conference and journal papers have been published to disseminate these results for a range of applications.

Cross layer based protocols for energy aware and critical data delivery related applications using wireless sensor networks

Network Information Security Data Protection Based on Data Encryption Technology

In order to effectively solve the increasingly prominent network security problems, cryptographic algorithm is the key factor affecting the effectiveness of IPSec VPN encryption. Therefore, this paper mainly studies cryptographic algorithms and puts forward the following solutions: briefly analyze the concept and function of IPSec VPN, as well as the basic theoretical knowledge of IPSec Security Protocol and cryptography, and analyze the traditional cryptography, modern cryptography, symmetric cryptographic algorithms and asymmetric algorithms, and their security. At the same time, the executable and security performances of AES and DES algorithms are compared and analyzed. This paper studies the elliptic curve encryption algorithm ECC, expounds the mathematical basis of realizing the algorithm, and compares and analyzes the security performance and execution efficiency of ECC. Based on the above two algorithms, a hybrid encryption algorithm is proposed, and the realization mechanism of the hybrid encryption algorithm is studied and discussed. The hybrid encryption algorithm combines the advantages of ECC and AES. The algorithm selects 128-bit AES and 256-bit ECC. In order to better cover up plaintext C, AES is used to encrypt information. While enhancing security, speed is also considered. The improved encryption, decryption, and signature authentication algorithms are relatively safe and fast schemes. ECC algorithm is improved, and on this basis, ECC algorithm and AES algorithm are combined. Moreover, HMAC message authentication algorithm is added, and the performance of the improved algorithm is significantly improved.

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Application of Hybrid Encryption Algorithm in Hardware Encryption Interface Card

This paper presents a new hybrid encryption algorithm with 16-bit block size and a 128-bit initialization vector, referred to as SEPAR, and it is suitable for IoT devices. The design idea of this algorithm combines pseudorandom permutation and pseudorandom generator functions. This smart integration causes resistance improvement against common cryptographic attacks meanwhile leads to cipher speed increment. Investigation of security analysis on the algorithm and results of the NIST statistical test suit proves its resistance against common cryptographic attacks as linear and differential cryptanalysis. Furthermore, efficient software implementation of SEPAR is presented on 8, 16 and 32-bit platforms. Compared to BORON cipher, SEPAR provides 42.22% throughput improvement on 32-bit ARM CPU. Also, for 8-bit and 16-bit microcontroller, SEPAR provides 87.91% and 98.01% performance improvements compared to present, respectively.

SEPAR: A New Lightweight Hybrid Encryption Algorithm with a Novel Design Approach for IoT

Clustering algorithm has an important effect on the performance of wireless sensor network. In this paper, a new Multi-Hop and Hierarchical Clustering algorithm (MHHC) is proposed to increases life time of wireless sensor networks. This algorithm selects the cluster-head with considering of three factors, maximum energy, the number of neighbors and the distance to base station or high level cluster-head. Also the criterion for being in same cluster is the same data sensed from environment. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm, increase the network lifetime more than 22 percent in compare of LEACH protocol. Also impact of each of three parameters in increasing network lifetime is investigated.

Arsalan Vahi

Papers

SEPAR: A New Lightweight Hybrid Encryption Algorithm with a Novel Design Approach for IoT

A new Multi-Hop and Hierarchical Clustering algorithm for energy saving in wireless sensor network