An Introduction to Codes and Coding Chapter Summary Purposes of the Manual What Is a Code? Codifying and Categorizing What Gets Coded? The Mechanics of Coding The Numbers of Codes Manual and CAQDAS Coding Solo and Team Coding Necessary Personal Attributes for Coding On Method Writing Analytic Memos Chapter Summary The Purposes of Analytic Memo-Writing What Is an Analytic Memo? Examples of Analytic Memos Coding and Categorizing Analytic Memos Grounded Theory and Its Coding Canon Analytic Memos on Visual Data First-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Coding Cycles Selecting the Appropriate Coding Method(s) Overview of First-Cycle Coding Methods The Coding Methods Profiles Grammatical Methods Elemental Methods Affective Methods Literary and Language Methods Exploratory Methods Forms for Additional First-Cycle Coding Methods Theming the Data Procedural Methods After First-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding Transitions Eclectic Coding Code Mapping and Landscaping Operational Model Diagramming Additional Transition Methods Transitioning to Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Goals of Second-Cycle Methods Overview of Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Forms for Additional Second-Cycle Coding Methods After Second-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding and Pre-Writing Transitions Focusing Strategies From Coding to Theorizing Formatting Matters Writing about Coding Ordering and Re-Ordering Assistance from Others Closure Appendix A: A Glossary of Coding Methods Appendix B: A Glossary of Analytic Recommendations Appendix C: Field Note, Interview Transcript and Document Samples for Coding Appendix D: Exercises and Activities for Coding and Qualitative Data Analytic Skill Development References Index

The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers

Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method is a systematic introduction to discourse analysis as a body of theories and methods for social research. It brings together three central approaches, Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory, critical discourse analysis and discursive psychology, in order to establish a dialogue between different forms of discourse analysis often kept apart by disciplinary boundaries. The book introduces the three approaches in a clear and easily comprehensible manner, explaining the distinctive philosophical premises and theoretical perspectives of each approach as well as the methodological guidelines and tools they provide for empirical discourse analysis. The authors also demonstrate the possibilities for combining different discourse analytical and non-discourse analytical approaches in empirical study. Finally, they contextualize discourse analysis within the social constructionist debate about critical social research, rejecting the view that a critical stance is incompatible with social constructionist premises and arguing that critique must be an inherent part of social research.

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Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method

Some 70 years after its development in Frankfurt, Germany, critical theory retains its ability to disrupt and hallenge the status quo. In the process, it elicits highlycharged emotions of all types—fierce loyalty from its roponents, vehement hostility from its detractors. Such vibrantly polar reactions indicate at the very least that critical theory still matters. We can be against critical theory or for it, but, especially at the present historical uncture, we cannot be without it.

Rethinking Critical Theory and Qualitative Research

This paper presents our recent work on the design and development of a new, large scale dataset, which we name MS MARCO, for MAchine Reading COmprehension. This new dataset is aimed to overcome a number of well-known weaknesses of previous publicly available datasets for the same task of reading comprehension and question answering. In MS MARCO, all questions are sampled from real anonymized user queries. The context passages, from which answers in the dataset are derived, are extracted from real web documents using the most advanced version of the Bing search engine. The answers to the queries are human generated. Finally, a subset of these queries has multiple answers. We aim to release one million queries and the corresponding answers in the dataset, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the most comprehensive real-world dataset of its kind in both quantity and quality. We are currently releasing 100,000 queries with their corresponding answers to inspire work in reading comprehension and question answering along with gathering feedback from the research community.

/pdf/ms-marco-a-human-generated-machine-reading-comprehension-1hfqr0j8rb.pdf

MS MARCO: A Human Generated MAchine Reading COmprehension Dataset.

The authors propose a communication-based model of relationship marketing and discuss how communication (rather than persuasion) is the foundation of the “new” customer-focused marketing efforts. T...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1252157.pdf

A Communication-Based Marketing Model for Managing Relationships:

Part I: Getting Started Chapter 1: What Is Research? We All Do Research, All the Time Scholarly Research Is Different From Everyday Research Cultural Studies and Research Nietzsche on Interpretation Problem of Certainty Diachronic and Synchronic Research The Way the Human Mind Works Overt and Covert Oppositions Thinking Fast and Slow Quantity and Quality in Media Research Media and Communication Why a Book That Teaches Both Methodologies? Considering Research Topics What Is Research? Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 2: The Research Process Search Strategies Sources of Information How to Read Analytically Doing a Literature Review Primary and Secondary Research Sources Searching on the Internet or the Game of "Find the Info If You Can!" Analyzing Methodology in Research Articles The Research Process: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Part II: Methods of Textual Analysis Chapter 3: Semiotic Analysis Saussure's Division of Signs Into Signifiers and Signifieds Semiotics of Blondeness Semiotics and Society Peirce's Trichotomy: Icon, Index, and Symbol Allied Concepts Clotaire Rapaille on Culture Codes Semiotics in Society: A Reprise Syntagmatic Analysis of Texts Paradigmatic Analysis of Texts Skyfall: A Paradigmatic Analysis Applications of Semiotic Theory Paul Ekman on Facial Expression Semiotics: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 4: Rhetorical Analysis Aristotle on Rhetoric Rhetoric and the Mass Media A Brief Note on the Communication Process Certeau on Subversions by Readers and Viewers Applied Rhetorical Analysis A Miniglossary of Common Rhetorical Devices Other Considerations When Making Rhetorical Analyses A Sample Rhetorical Analysis: A Sea to Skin Advertisement Rhetorical Analysis of the Visual Image Images in Narrative Texts Rhetorical Analysis: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 5: Ideological Criticism Mannheim's Ideology and Utopia Defining Ideology Marxist Criticism Roland Barthes on Mythologies The Problem of Hegemony The Base and the Superstructure, False Consciousness, and the "Self-Made Man and Woman" Post-Soviet Marxist Criticism Basic Ideas in Marxist Criticism A Marxist Interpretation of the Fidji "Snake" Advertisement John Berger on Glamour Identity Politics Feminist Criticism of Media and Communication The Social Conception of Knowledge Phallocentric Theory: The Physical Basis of Male Domination Political Cultures, the Media, and Communication Pop Cultural and Media Preferences of the Four Political Cultures Marxist Perspectives on Social Media A Preview of Critical Discourse Analysis Ideological Criticism: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 6: Psychoanalytic Criticism Freud's Contribution Cell Phones and the Psyche: Applying the Theories of Erik Erikson Neuropsychoanalysis: Freud and Neuroscience Jungian Theory Psychoanalytic Criticism: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Part III: Qualitative Research Methods Chapter 7: Discourse Analysis Defining Discourse Analysis Teun A. Van Dijk on Discourse Analysis Spoken and Written Discourse Styles and Written Discourse Political Ideology and Discourse Analysis Critical Discourse Analysis Advertising and Critical Discourse Analysis Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of an Advertisement Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 8: Interviews The Prisoner Interviews Number Two What Is an Interview? Four Kinds of Research Interviews Why We Use Interviews How to Interview People Questions Investigative Reporters Ask The Structure of Conversations and Interviews Transcribing Tapes Making Sense of Transcribed Interviews Coding Problems With Interview Material Interviews: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 9: Historical Analysis What Is History? History as Metadiscipline or Specialized Subject Is History Objective, Subjective, or a Combination of the Two? Kinds of Historical Research The Problem of Writing History The Problem of Meaning Historical Periods Baudrillard and Jameson on Postmodernism Postmodernism and Historiography The Historical and the Comparative Approach History Is an Art, Not a Science Doing Historical Research Historical Analysis: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 10: Ethnomethodological Research Defining Ethnomethodology Boxed Insert on Ethnomethodology by Dirk Vom Lehn Garfinkel's Ingenious and Mischievous Research Using Ethnomethodology in Media and Communication Research Metaphors and Motivation Love Is a Game Humorists as Code Violators Techniques of Humor Ethnomethodology and the Communication Process Ethnomethodological Research: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 11: Participant Observation Defining Participant Observation Significant Considerations When Doing Participant Observation A Case Study of Participant Observation: Readers of Romance Novels Problems With Participant Observation Benefits of Participant Observation Studies Making Sense of Your Findings An Ethical Dilemma Ethics and Research Involving Humans Participant Observation: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Part IV: Quantitative Research Methods Chapter 12: Content Analysis Defining Content Analysis Why We Make Content Analyses Methodological Aspects of Content Analysis Aspects of Violence Advantages of Content Analysis as a Research Method Difficulties in Making Content Analyses Content Analysis Step by Step Content Analysis: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 13: Surveys Defining Surveys Kinds of Surveys: Descriptive and Analytic The VALS Typology Survey Methods of Data Collection Advantages of Survey Research Problems With Surveys Surveys and the 2012 Presidential Election A Note on Media Usage Surveys: Shares and Ratings Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Survey Questions Writing Survey Questions Making Pilot Studies to Pretest Surveys Conducting Online Surveys Samples Obtaining Random Samples Evaluating Survey Accuracy Surveys: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Notes Further Reading Chapter 14: Experiments Everyday Experimentation Defining Experiments The Structure of an Experiment The Hawthorne Effect Advantages of Experiments Disadvantages of Experiments The "Black Rats" Case and Experimental Fraud A Checklist on Experimental Design What's an Experiment and What Isn't? Experiments: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 15: A Primer on Descriptive Statistics with Felianka Kaftandjieva Levels of Measurement Descriptive Statistics Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion The Normal or Bell-Shaped Curve The Problems With Ratings A Cautionary Note on Statistics Statistics and Comparisons Data on Media Use in America Smartphones The Problem of Interpretation Statistics: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Note Further Reading Part V: Putting It All Together Chapter 16: Nineteen Common Thinking Errors Common Fallacies Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 17: Writing Research Reports Keeping a Journal A Trick for Organizing Reports Outlines, First Drafts, and Revisions Writing Research Reports The IMRD Structure of Quantitative Research Reports Writing Correctly: Avoiding Some Common Problems Academic Writing Styles A Checklist for Planning Research and Writing Reports Conclusions Further Reading

Media and communication research methods : an introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches

PART I. TECHNIQUES OF INTERPRETATION 1. Semiotic Analysis A Brief History of the Subject The Problem of Meaning Social Aspects of Semiotics: The Individual and Society Saussure on the Science of Semiology Signs Forms of Signs Signs and Advertising Material Culture Objects and Identity Signs and Truth Activities and Performances Music and Sound Effects Facial Expressions as Signs Hyperreality Language and Speaking Connotation and Denotation The Synchronic and the Diachronic Syntagmatic Analysis Paradigmatic Analysis Intertextuality Dialogical Theory Metaphor And Metonymy Codes Semiotics of the Television Medium Some Criticisms of Semiotic Analysis A Checklist for Semiotic Analysis of Television Study Questions and Topics for Discussion Annotated Bibliography 2. Marxist Analysis Materialism The Base and the Superstructure False Consciousness and Ideology The Frankfurt School Class Conflict Alienation The Consumer Society John Berger on Advertising Bourgeois Heroes Hegemony The Problem of Media Consolidation The Danger of Being Doctrinaire Grid-Group Analysis Mary Douglas and "Shopping" Marxist Criticism in the Postmodern World Study Questions and Topics for Discussion Annotated Bibliography 3. Psychoanalytic Criticism The Unconscious Sexuality William A. Rossi on Sexual Aspects of the Foot and Shoe The Oedipus Complex On the Importance of Myth Id, Ego, and Superego Freud's Structural Hypothesis Applied to Culture Symbols Defense Mechanisms Dreams Condensation and Displacement Aggression and Guilt Stereotypes and Aggressive Humor Freud and Beyond Jungian Psychoanalytic Theory Archetypes Psychoanalytic Analysis of Media: A Cautionary Note Study Questions and Topics for Discussion Annotated Bibliography 4. Sociological Analysis Emile Durkheim on Our Social Nature Some Basic Concepts Avarice Bureaucracy Class (Socio-Economic) Culture Deviance Ethnicity Functionalism Lifestyle Marginalization Mass Communication and Mass Media Postmodernism Race Role (Social) Sex (Gender) Socialization Status Stereotypes Values Uses and Gratifications 2 Genres and Formulas Content Analysis Leo Lowenthal on Content Analysis Study Questions and Topics for Discussion Annotated Bibliography PART II. APPLICATIONS 5. Murderers on the Orient Express Organizing a Mystery Detectives as Semioticians Social and Political Dimensions Poirot as Revolutionary Study Questions and Topics for Discussion 6. Seven Points on the Game of Football Football Is a Game of Signs Instant Replay and the Modern Sensibility Football Socializes Us Statistics About Televised Football Why Baseball Is Boring Football as an Alternative to Religion The Marxist Perspective Football and the Psyche Concluding Remarks Study Questions and Topics for Discussion 7. The Maiden With the Snake: Interpretations of a Print Advertisement Signs in Signs: A Primer on Applied Semiotics The Maiden in Paradise: A Case Study A Paradigmatic Analysis of the Fidji Advertisement Psychoanalytic Aspects of the Fidji Text An Aside on Moisturizers and Anxiety Final Comments on Perfume and Anxiety Study Questions and Topics for Discussion 8. All-News Radio and the American Bourgeoisi News and Alienation News and Ruling-Class Ideology Commercials and Anxiety Caught in the Middle News from Internet and Social Media Study Questions and Topics for Discussion 9. Video Games: A New Art Form Are Video Games an Art Form or a Medium? New Technologies and Video Games Janet Murray on Interactivity and Immersion Video Games and Addiction Video Games and the Problem of Violence Social and Physical Problems Caused by Video Games Video Games and Sexuality Conclusions Study Questions and Topics for Discussion 10. Cell Phones, Social Media and the Problem of Identity Media Use by 8 to 18 Year Olds Social Media A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Youth and Social Media The Cell Phone as Sign: A Semiotic Perspective Marxist Perspectives on Cell Phones Conclusions Study Questions and Topics for Discussion Appendix: Simulations, Activities, Games, and Exercises Anatomy of a Tale Paradigmatic Analysis Dream Analysis Writing a Therapeutic Fairy Tale Origin Tales Radio Scripts Television Narrative Analysis The Propp Game Metaphors Advertising Analysis Playing Aaron Wildavsky Textual Analysis Glossary References Name Index Subject Index About the Author

Media Analysis Techniques

The Nature of Narrative Theorists of Narrativity Narrative Techniques and Authorial Devices A Glossary of Terms Relating to Narrative Texts Dreams A Freudian Perspective Fairy Tales The Comics The Macintosh '1984' Television Commercial A Study in Television Narrativity The Popular Culture Novel Radio Narratives A Case Study of the War of the Worlds Script Film Narratives Narratives and Everyday Life

Narratives in Popular Culture, Media, and Everyday Life

Humor permeates every aspect of society and has done so for thousands of years. People experience it daily through television, newspapers, literature, and contact with others. Rarely do social researchers analyze humor or try to determine what makes it such a dominating force in our lives. The types of jokes a person enjoys contribute significantly to the definition of that person as well as to the character of a given society. Arthur Asa Berger explores these and other related topics in An Anatomy of Humor. He shows how humor can range from the simple pun to complex plots in Elizabethan plays. Berger examines a number of topics--ethnicity, race, gender, politics--each with its own comic dimension. Laughter is beneficial to both our physical and mental health, according to Berger. He discerns a multiplicity of ironies that are intrinsic to the analysis of humor. He discovers as much complexity and ambiguity in a cartoon, such as Mickey Mouse, as he finds in an important piece of literature, such as Huckleberry Finn. An Anatomy of Humor is an intriguing and enjoyable read for people interested in humor and the impact of popular and mass culture on society. It will also be of interest to professionals in communication and psychologists concerned with the creative process.

An Anatomy of Humor

PART ONE: RESEARCH PROJECTS Guided Research Projects Research Logs Content Analysis Newspaper Comics Pages Survey Interviews Media Utilization Social Roles Television Soap Opera Characters Depth Interviews Favorite Singers and Recordings Rhetorical Analysis Magazine Advertisements Library Research Audiences of Radio Talk Shows Focus Groups Reasons for Attending Films Experiments Humor Participant Observation Video Game Players Historical Research Images of Shopping Malls in the Popular Press Comparative Analysis Images of Disneyland (and Disneyworld) in the American Popular and Scholarly Press PART TWO: WRITING AND THINKING Writing with Style Avoiding Common Writing Errors Avoiding Common Reasoning Errors Writing a Research Report

Arthur Asa Berger

Papers

Media and communication research methods : an introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches

Media Analysis Techniques

Narratives in Popular Culture, Media, and Everyday Life

An Anatomy of Humor

Media research techniques