Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have been classified according to the atomic size difference, heat of mixing (� H mix ) and period of the constituent elements in the periodic table. The BMGs discovered to date are classified into seven groups on the basis of a previous result by Inoue. The seven groups are as follows: (G-I) ETM/Ln-LTM/BM-Al/Ga, (G-II) ETM/Ln-LTM/BM-Metalloid, (G-III) Al/Ga-LTM/BMMetalloid, (G-IV) IIA-ETM/Ln-LTM/BM, (G-V) LTM/BM-Metalloid, (G-VI) ETM/Ln-LTM/BM and (G-VII) IIA-LTM/BM, where ETM, Ln, LTM, BM and IIA refer to early transition, lanthanide, late transition, group IIIB–IVB and group IIA-group metals, respectively. The main alloying element of ternary G-I, G-V and G-VII, ternary G-II and G-IV, and ternary G-VI BMGs is the largest, intermediate and smallest atomic radius compared to the other alloying elements, respectively. The main alloying element of ternary BMGs belonging to G-I, G-V, G-VI and G

Classification of Bulk Metallic Glasses by Atomic Size Difference, Heat of Mixing and Period of Constituent Elements and Its Application to Characterization of the Main Alloying Element

https://pcsmaa.nimte.ac.cn/uploadfiles/site20/201603/20160311101406-4671769547.pdf

A new glass-forming ability criterion for bulk metallic glasses

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on measurements and theories pertaining to homogeneous nucleation under cooled liquids and glasses that transform to phases of the same composition. The dynamical model describing the cluster evolution appears to be quantitatively correct. Although there are some experimental and theoretical difficulties with the classical theory, there are also many approaches to rectify these problems. At present, there are no experiments that can demonstrate or can refute conclusively the validity of the classical theory in the regime where it is expected to be valid. This is partially because of a lack of knowledge of the correct values for the parameters that are fit by the theory. Better measurements of the steady-state and time-dependent nucleation rates and the free-energy difference as a function of temperature, and the design of new experiments such as the multistep annealing treatments discussed in the chapter are used to test more rigorously nucleation theories. Time-dependent nucleation and the interface kinetics are incorporated into the field-theoretic approaches to give theories that are as widely applicable and, hence, testable as the classical theory.

Crystal Nucleation in Liquids and Glasses

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/30145/1/0000522.pdf

Cardiolipins and biomembrane function

The non-equilibrium state of an undercooled melt allows the investigation of various phenomena involved in the formation of metastable solid phase. The present work reviews the present state of the art in this field. In detail, the thermodynamics of the undercooled melt, nucleation and growth processes are discussed, with special emphasis on the conditions of the formation of metastable states, such as metastable crystalline metals, quasi-crystals, metallic glasses, supersaturated solutions and grain-refined materials. The techniques needed for the in-situ investigation of non-equilibrium solidification phenomena in undercooled melts are discussed, and their potential for such investigations is evaluated. Aspects of microgravity research in this field are also included.

Non-equilibrium solidification of undercooled metallic metls

A method of removing contaminants from a contaminated soil area in situ comprises the steps of placing a barrier in engagement with the exposed surface of the contaminated soil area, sealing the barrier around the periphery of the contaminated soil area and reducing the pressure beneath the outer layer of the barrier to draw the contaminants out of the soil. The barrier is comprised of an outer fluid impermeable layer and an inner fluid permeable layer. The edges of at least the outer layer of the barrier are sealed by digging a trench in the uncontaminated soil beyond the periphery of the contaminated soil area, inserting the edges of the barrier into the trench, refilling the trench and compacting the fill against the ends of the barrier. A liberating fluid may be injected into the soil beneath the contaminated soil area through a plurality of conduits inserted into the soil at acute angles.

Method of removing contaminants from contaminated soil in situ

Arrhenius modeling to predict geosynthetic degradation

As far as nondestructive testing methods are concerned, acoustic emission techniques are relatively recent additions to the rock monitoring area (dating from the late 1930's) and to the metal testing area (dating from the 1950's). Its application to soils is an even more recent event with little activity prior to the 1970's. However, over the past five to ten years, interest has been generated in the soils area to the point where at least five equipment manufacturers are currently marketing acoustic emission systems specifically for geotechnical engineering applications. This activity is seemingly well founded, for acoustic emissions are indeed generated by deforming soil masses and technical feasibility is now firmly established. This state-of-the-art paper on acoustic emission activity in soils presents these findings on the basis of fundamentals, small-scale laboratory tests, and large-scale laboratory tests. Furthermore, the technique has been applied to field situations in a number of cases. These include slope stability monitoring of dams and embankments, soil movements arising from horizontal and vertical deformations, seepage monitoring, and grout/hydrofracture monitoring. Specific case histories in each group are presented. Collectively taken, the information available seems encouraging enough for many investigators to use the technique for a wide variety of applications. With a multifaceted attack, the current qualitative status of the technique (that is, no acoustic emission indicates stability; low acoustic emission indicates small movement; moderate acoustic emission indicates larger movement; high acoustic emission indicates instability) should move into a better defined quantitative status. In this latter case, acoustic emission signatures of different soils could lead to instant assessment of actual stress levels in any given situation. (Authors)

Acoustic Emission Behavior and Monitoring of Soils

Overview of Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Rock Structures
The acoustic emission technique for monitoring the stability of rock masses in mines was initiated in the late 1930's by Obert and Duvall in the U. S. A. and Hodgson in Canada. The technique, called microseismic monitoring at that time and even to the present, is currently being extended beyond mining into a wide variety of Civil Engineering oriented problems. These include:


Monitoring of all types of stressed rock masses in addition to mines (the subject of this paper).


Monitoring of a wide variety of soil masses (dams, embankments, foundations, etc.).


Monitoring of seepage and grout flow in both rock and soil.


Determining in-situ stress history of rock and soil.


Monitoring of steel highway bridges and offshore platforms.


Monitoring of concrete bridges, dams and buildings.


Assessing stability of permanent and temporary anchors, wire rope and other components of larger structural systems.





While most of these activities are still in some form of development, they are generally beyond feasibility and are in various stages of implementation.

This paper describes the acoustic emission monitoring method as pertains to rock monitoring and some of the directions that equipment manufacturers are currently pursuing. It then briefly describes applications of the method in connection with the monitoring of rock structures.

Arthur E. Lord

Papers

Method of removing contaminants from contaminated soil in situ

Arrhenius modeling to predict geosynthetic degradation

Acoustic Emission Behavior and Monitoring of Soils

Overview of acoustic emission monitoring of rock structures

The viscosity of molten Fe40Ni40P14B6 and Pd82Si18