All our former experience with application of quantum theory seems to say:
{\it what is predicted by quantum formalism must occur in laboratory} But the
essence of quantum formalism - entanglement, recognized by Einstein, Podolsky,
Rosen and Schr\"odinger - waited over 70 years to enter to laboratories as a
new resource as real as energy This holistic property of compound quantum systems, which involves
nonclassical correlations between subsystems, is a potential for many quantum
processes, including ``canonical'' ones: quantum cryptography, quantum
teleportation and dense coding However, it appeared that this new resource is
very complex and difficult to detect Being usually fragile to environment, it
is robust against conceptual and mathematical tools, the task of which is to
decipher its rich structure This article reviews basic aspects of entanglement including its
characterization, detection, distillation and quantifying In particular, the
authors discuss various manifestations of entanglement via Bell inequalities,
entropic inequalities, entanglement witnesses, quantum cryptography and point
out some interrelations They also discuss a basic role of entanglement in
quantum communication within distant labs paradigm and stress some
peculiarities such as irreversibility of entanglement manipulations including
its extremal form - bound entanglement phenomenon A basic role of entanglement
witnesses in detection of entanglement is emphasized

Quantum entanglement

What assumptions and methods allow us to turn observations into causal knowledge, and how can even incomplete causal knowledge be used in planning and prediction to influence and control our environment? In this book Peter Spirtes, Clark Glymour, and Richard Scheines address these questions using the formalism of Bayes networks, with results that have been applied in diverse areas of research in the social, behavioral, and physical sciences. The authors show that although experimental and observational study designs may not always permit the same inferences, they are subject to uniform principles. They axiomatize the connection between causal structure and probabilistic independence, explore several varieties of causal indistinguishability, formulate a theory of manipulation, and develop asymptotically reliable procedures for searching over equivalence classes of causal models, including models of categorical data and structural equation models with and without latent variables. The authors show that the relationship between causality and probability can also help to clarify such diverse topics in statistics as the comparative power of experimentation versus observation, Simpson's paradox, errors in regression models, retrospective versus prospective sampling, and variable selection. The second edition contains a new introduction and an extensive survey of advances and applications that have appeared since the first edition was published in 1993.

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Causation, prediction, and search

Meeting the Universe Halfway is an ambitious book with far-reaching implications for numerous fields in the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. In this volume, Karen Barad, theoretical physicist and feminist theorist, elaborates her theory of agential realism. Offering an account of the world as a whole rather than as composed of separate natural and social realms, agential realism is at once a new epistemology, ontology, and ethics. The starting point for Barad’s analysis is the philosophical framework of quantum physicist Niels Bohr. Barad extends and partially revises Bohr’s philosophical views in light of current scholarship in physics, science studies, and the philosophy of science as well as feminist, poststructuralist, and other critical social theories. In the process, she significantly reworks understandings of space, time, matter, causality, agency, subjectivity, and objectivity.

In an agential realist account, the world is made of entanglements of “social” and “natural” agencies, where the distinction between the two emerges out of specific intra-actions. Intra-activity is an inexhaustible dynamism that configures and reconfigures relations of space-time-matter. In explaining intra-activity, Barad reveals questions about how nature and culture interact and change over time to be fundamentally misguided. And she reframes understanding of the nature of scientific and political practices and their “interrelationship.” Thus she pays particular attention to the responsible practice of science, and she emphasizes changes in the understanding of political practices, critically reworking Judith Butler’s influential theory of performativity. Finally, Barad uses agential realism to produce a new interpretation of quantum physics, demonstrating that agential realism is more than a means of reflecting on science; it can be used to actually do science.

Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning

Сборник ведущих социологов и социальных теоретиков из США и Западной Европы, представляющих новую практическую парадигму, своего рода коллективный манифест прагматического поворота. Авторы позиционируют практическую парадигму относительно структурализма, герменевтики, семиотики. В книге обсуждается природа практического и неявного знания, навыков и практик, которые составляют фон социального порядка и поддерживают общую для любого коллектива систему смыслов.

The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory

The task of quantizing general relativity raises serious questions about the meaning of the present formulation and interpretation of quantum mechanics when applied to so fundamental a structure as the space-time geometry itself. This paper seeks to clarify the foundations of quantum mechanics. It presents a reformulation of quantum theory in a form believed suitable for application to general relativity. The aim is not to deny or contradict the conventional formulation of quantum theory, which has demonstrated its usefulness in an overwhelming variety of problems, but rather to supply a new, more general and complete formulation, from which the conventional interpretation can be deduced. The relationship of this new formulation to the older formulation is therefore that of a metatheory to a theory, that is, it is an underlying theory in which the nature and consistency, as well as the realm of applicability, of the older theory can be investigated and clarified.

"relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

It is shown that the following statements about a quantum correlation experiment are mutually equivalent. (1) There is a deterministic hidden-variables model for the experiment. (2) There is a factorizable, stochastic model. (3) There is one joint distribution for all observables of the experiment, returning the experimental probabilities. (4) There are well-defined, compatible joint distributions for all pairs and triples of commuting and noncommuting observables. (5) The Bell inequalities hold.

Hidden Variables, Joint Probability, and the Bell Inequalities

Preface. I: Bohmian Mechanics: Background and Fundamentals. 1. The Causal Quantum Theory Program J.T. Cushing. 2. Bohmian Mechanics as the Foundation of Quantum Mechanics D. Durr, et al. 3. Pilot-Wave Theory of Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology A. Valentini. 4. Contextuality in Bohmian Mechanics L. Hardy. 5. Global Existence and Uniqueness of Bohmian Trajectories K. Berndl. 6. Scattering Theory from a Bohmian Perspective M. Daumer. 7. Is Quantum Mechanics Universal? P.R. Holland. II: Applications and Further Developments of Bohmian Mechanics. 8. The `Tunneling-Time Problem' for Electrons C.R. Leavens. 9. Local Bohmian Mechanics E.J. Squires. 10. About Position Measurements Which Do Not Show the Bohmian Particle Position Y. Aharonov, L. Vaidman. 11. An Ontological Interpretation of Boson Fields P.N. Kaloyerou. 12. De Broglie, Bohm and the Boson C. Dewdney, G. Horton. 13. A Realistic Formulation of Quantum Field Theory T.M. Samols. 14. Attaching Theories of Consciousness to Bohmian Quantum Mechanics D.N. Page. III: Historical, Conceptual and Philosophical Perspectives Related to Bohmian Mechanics. 15. Bohm and the `Inevitability' of Acausality M. Beller. 16. On the Interpretation of Bohmian Mechanics A. Fine. 17. Tension in Bohm's Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics M. Baublitz, A. Shimony. 18. An Epistemological Critique of Bohmian Mechanics R. Collins.19. Elementary Quantum Metaphysics D.Z. Albert. 20. Space-Time in the Quantum World T. Maudlin. 21. Cause and Effect in the Pilot-Wave Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics H.R. Brown, et al. 22. Is the Bohm Theory Local? M. Dickson. IV: Comparisons with Some Other Programs. 23. Modal Interpretations and Bohmian Mechanics J. Bub. 24. Remarks on Consistent Histories and Bohmian Mechanics A. Kent. 25. Bohm' Theory Versus Dynamical Reduction G.-C. Ghirardi, R. Grassi. Bibliography. The Authors. Index.

Bohmian mechanics and quantum theory : an appraisal

We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for several observables to have a joint distribution. When applied to the bivalent observables of a quantum correlation experiment, we show that these conditions are equivalent to the Bell inequalities, and also to the existence of deterministic hidden variables. We connect the no‐hidden‐variables theorem of Kochen and Specker to these conditions for joint distributions. We conclude with a new theorem linking joint distributions and commuting observables, and show how violations of the Bell inequalities correspond to violations of commutativity, as in the theorem.

Joint distributions, quantum correlations, and commuting observables

In this new edition, Arthur Fine looks at Einstein's philosophy of science and develops his own views on realism. A new Afterword discusses the reaction to Fine's own theory. "What really led Einstein . . . to renounce the new quantum order? For those interested in this question, this book is compulsory reading."-Harvey R. Brown, "American Journal of Physics" "Fine has successfully combined a historical account of Einstein's philosophical views on quantum mechanics and a discussion of some of the philosophical problems associated with the interpretation of quantum theory with a discussion of some of the contemporary questions concerning realism and antirealism. . . . Clear, thoughtful, [and] well-written."-Allan Franklin, "Annals of Science" "Attempts, from Einstein's published works and unpublished correspondence, to piece together a coherent picture of 'Einstein realism.' Especially illuminating are the letters between Einstein and fellow realist Schrodinger, as the latter was composing his famous 'Schrodinger-Cat' paper."-Nick Herbert, "New Scientist" "Beautifully clear. . . . Fine's analysis is penetrating, his own results original and important. . . . The book is a splendid combination of new ways to think about quantum mechanics, about realism, and about Einstein's views of both."-Nancy Cartwright, "Isis" "

Arthur Fine

Papers

Hidden Variables, Joint Probability, and the Bell Inequalities

Bohmian mechanics and quantum theory : an appraisal

Joint distributions, quantum correlations, and commuting observables

The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism and the Quantum Theory

The shaky game