The functional architecture of the object vision pathway in the human brain was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure patterns of response in ventral temporal cortex while subjects viewed faces, cats, five categories of man-made objects, and nonsense pictures. A distinct pattern of response was found for each stimulus category. The distinctiveness of the response to a given category was not due simply to the regions that responded maximally to that category, because the category being viewed also could be identified on the basis of the pattern of response when those regions were excluded from the analysis. Patterns of response that discriminated among all categories were found even within cortical regions that responded maximally to only one category. These results indicate that the representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex are widely distributed and overlapping.

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/3224/2/haxby_science2001V.pdf

Distributed and Overlapping Representations of Faces and Objects in Ventral Temporal Cortex

Haze brings troubles to many computer vision/graphics applications. It reduces the visibility of the scenes and lowers the reliability of outdoor surveillance systems; it reduces the clarity of the satellite images; it also changes the colors and decreases the contrast of daily photos, which is an annoying problem to photographers. Therefore, removing haze from images is an important and widely demanded topic in computer vision and computer graphics areas. The main challenge lies in the ambiguity of the problem. Haze attenuates the light reflected from the scenes, and further blends it with some additive light in the atmosphere. The target of haze removal is to recover the reflected light (i.e., the scene colors) from the blended light. This problem is mathematically ambiguous: there are an infinite number of solutions given the blended light. How can we know which solution is true? We need to answer this question in haze removal. Ambiguity is a common challenge for many computer vision problems. In terms of mathematics, ambiguity is because the number of equations is smaller than the number of unknowns. The methods in computer vision to solve the ambiguity can roughly categorized into two strategies. The first one is to acquire more known variables, e.g., some haze removal algorithms capture multiple images of the same scene under different settings (like polarizers).But it is not easy to obtain extra images in practice. The second strategy is to impose extra constraints using some knowledge or assumptions .All the images in this thesis are best viewed in the electronic version. This way is more practical since it requires as few as only one image. To this end, we focus on single image haze removal in this thesis. The key is to find a suitable prior. Priors are important in many computer vision topics. A prior tells the algorithm "what can we know about the fact beforehand" when the fact is not directly available. In general, a prior can be some statistical/physical properties, rules, or heuristic assumptions. The performance of the algorithms is often determined by the extent to which the prior is valid. Some widely used priors in computer vision are the smoothness prior, sparsity prior, and symmetry prior. In this thesis, we develop an effective but very simple prior, called the dark channel prior, to remove haze from a single image. The dark channel prior is a statistical property of outdoor haze-free images: most patches in these images should contain pixels which are dark in at least one color channel. These dark pixels can be due to shadows, colorfulness, geometry, or other factors. This prior provides a constraint for each pixel, and thus solves the ambiguity of the problem. Combining this prior with a physical haze imaging model, we can easily recover high quality haze-free images.

Single Image Haze Removal Using Dark Channel Prior

The author explains that his background was in experimental psychology but that he wanted to study the whole person and not fragmented psychological processes. He also desired a non-reductionistic method for studying humans. Fortunately he came across the work of Edmund Husserl and discovered in the latter’s thought a way of researching humans that met the criteria he was seeking. Eventually he developed a phenomenological method for researching humans in a psychological way based upon the work of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty. This article briefly describes the method.

The Descriptive Phenomenological Psychological Method

Binocular vision and ocular motility , Binocular vision and ocular motility , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility

Sets of similar objects are common occurrences—a crowd of people, a bunch of bananas, a copse of trees, a shelf of books, a line of cars. Each item in the set may be distinct, highly visible, and discriminable. But when we look away from the set, what information do we have? The current article starts to address this question by introducing the idea of a set representation. This idea was tested using two new paradigms: mean discrimination and member identification. Three experiments using sets of different-sized spots showed that observers know a set's mean quite accurately but know little about the individual items, except their range. Taken together, these results suggest that the visual system represents the overall statistical, and not individual, properties of sets.

Seeing Sets: Representation by Statistical Properties

I could not help feeling a kind of elation when I first laid eyes on this volume. "Finally," I felt, "here it is, in English, in a handsome volume published by a famous University Press, in the translation of two eminent American scholars who themselves spent a lifetime studying vision, especially color vision. Here it is, in English, one of the classics of visual physiology by one of the greatest visual physiologists." And what a translation it is! Hering was, among many other things, a master of style, and none of the clarity and beauty of his style is lost in this translation. One cannot, of course, expect that this translation of Hering's work will ever accomplish what Southall's translation of the "Handbook of Physiological Optics" did for the spreading of the Helmholtzian gospel within the English reading community of scientists. But, at last and at least, Hering too will

Outlines of a Theory of the Light Sense.

Dr. Lancaster's statement that only those who know how to use the astigmatic dial can have satisfactory results with it is applicable also to other subjective methods of determining astigmatism. "Practice" alone is not sufficient. Any one desiring to work, for example, with the astigmatic dial or with the cross cylinder not only must be familiar with the optics of the procedure he chooses but must actually "see" the path of the rays, the focal lines and the interval of Sturm as they are being changed by it in the patient's eye. Only those who are really able to visualize such optical phenomena will be able to grasp and, after a few steps, actually foretell the patient's reactions to the measures undertaken in the course of an examination. In his paper on the use of the cross cylinder, Pascal 1 gave an exemplary demonstration of how such "visualizing" helps in

Determination of axis and amount of astigmatic error by rotation of trial cylinder

Professor von Tschermak, a Hofrat of the old Austrian Empire and renowned teacher of physiology for the last fifty years, belongs, with Professor Bruckner, of Basel, and the elder Dr. Burian, to the last surviving pupils of the great Ewald Hering. At least as the originator of the Tschermak test (the after-image test for retinal correspondence, suggested by Hering himself), he is known to every ophthalmologist. His description of the phenomenon of anomalous sensorial relationship in squint (von Tschermak is a squinter himself) is common knowledge today. At the age of almost 78, forced to leave Prague as a German national, and reinstated as a professor of physiology at the newly founded extension of the badly damaged University of Munich in Regensburg, in the American zone of Bavaria, Professor von Tschermak has written a short introduction to "Physiologic Optics," the reading of which will be both a gain and a

Einführung in die physiologische Optik.

Optics and visual physiology.

Two rather unrelated circumstances turned my attention lately to the problem of the behavior of the vertical and horizontal ocular meridians during oblique oculorotations, the problem of so-called false torsion. Though seemingly of purely academic interest, it has never ceased to intrigue ophthalmologists, up to the present day. In a recent study of the horopter, I found myself in agreement with the conclusions of Luneburg, according to which the horopter is a torus of a sort, a peculiarly curved plane, all points of which subtend a constant angle (γ) with the centers of rotation of the two eyes. Bifixating the center P o of a given horopter torus (the midpoint of the horizontal Vieth-Muller circle), the eyes converge γ degrees and are in what might be called the primary position of convergence. However, not only this point, but each and every point P of the toric structure can be similarly

Arthur Linksz

Papers

Outlines of a Theory of the Light Sense.

Determination of axis and amount of astigmatic error by rotation of trial cylinder

Einführung in die physiologische Optik.

Optics and visual physiology.

Ocular axes and meridians during oblique oculorotations; a contribution to the problem of so-called false torsion.