https://www.arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-ex/0501009

Experimental and theoretical challenges in the search for the quark-gluon plasma: The STAR Collaboration's critical assessment of the evidence from RHIC collisions

http://nuclear.korea.ac.kr/~bhong/class/WhitePaper_PHENIX_RUN1-3.pdf

Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus–nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX Collaboration

New forms of QCD matter discovered at RHIC

Recent Progress and New Challenges in Isospin Physics with Heavy-Ion Reactions

We review collective flow, its anisotropies, and its event-to-event fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, as well as the extraction of the specific shear viscosity of quark–gluon plasma from collective flow data collected in heavy-ion collision experiments at RHIC and the LHC. We emphasize the similarities between the Big Bang of our universe and the Little Bangs created in heavy-ion collisions.

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102212-170540

Collective Flow and Viscosity in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

The strategy and techniques for analyzing anisotropic flow (directed, elliptic, etc.) in relativistic nuclear collisions are presented. The emphasis is on the use of the Fourier expansion of azimuthal distributions. We present formulas relevant for this approach, and in particular, show how the event multiplicity enters into the event plane resolution. We also discuss the role of nonflow correlations and a method for introducing flow into a simulation.

Methods for analyzing anisotropic flow in relativistic nuclear collisions

The use of an on-line mass spectrometer to make direct mass measurements of short-lived isotopes far from the stability line has been improved to yield more accurate mass measurements for $^{27\ensuremath{-}30}\mathrm{Na}$, new mass measurements for $^{11}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{31,32}\mathrm{Na}$, and to remove a discrepancy between existing mass measurements of $^{26}\mathrm{Na}$. The mass excesses (keV) measured are: $^{11}\mathrm{Li}$, 40940\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}80; $^{26}\mathrm{Na}$, -6901\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25; $^{27}\mathrm{Na}$, -5620\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}60; $^{28}\mathrm{Na}$, -1140\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}80; $^{29}\mathrm{Na}$, 2650\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}100; $^{30}\mathrm{Na}$, 8370\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}200; $^{31}\mathrm{Na}$, 10600\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}800; $^{32}\mathrm{Na}$, 16400\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1100. The $^{11}\mathrm{Li}$ value indicates that it is bound by only 170\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}80 keV. The masses of $^{31}\mathrm{Na}$ and $^{32}\mathrm{Na}$ imply that these nuclei are more tightly bound than expected from theoretical predictions.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE $^{11}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{26\ensuremath{-}32}\mathrm{Na}$; measured atomic masses. On-line mass spectrometer.RADIOACTIVITY $^{11}\mathrm{Li}$; deduced $log\mathrm{ft}$.

Direct measurement of the masses of Li 11 and Na 2 6 − 3 2 with an on-line mass spectrometer

Recent developments in the field of anisotropic flow in nuclear collision are reviewed. The results from the top AGS energy to the top RHIC energy are discussed with emphasis on techniques, interpretation, and uncertainties in the measurements.

Collective phenomena in non-central nuclear collisions

The energy spectra of protons and light nuclei produced by the interaction of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ projectiles with Al and U targets have been investigated at incident energies ranging from 0.25 to 2.1 GeV per nucleon. Single fragment inclusive spectra have been obtained at angles between 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, in the energy range from 30 to 150 MeV/nucleon. The multiplicity of intermediate and high energy charged particles was determined in coincidence with the measured fragments. In a separate study, fragment spectra were obtained in the evaporation energy range from $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ bombardment of uranium. We observe structureless, exponentially decaying spectra throughout the range of studied fragment masses. There is evidence for two major classes of fragments; one with emission at intermediate temperature from a system moving slowly in the lab frame, and the other with high temperature emission from a system propagating at a velocity intermediate between target and projectile. The high energy proton spectra are fairly well reproduced by a nuclear fireball model based on simple geometrical, kinematical, and statistical assumptions. Light cluster emission is also discussed in the framework of statistical models.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $\mathrm{U}(^{20}\mathrm{Ne},X)$, $E=250$ MeV/nucl.; $U(^{20}\mathrm{Ne},X)$, $U(\ensuremath{\alpha},X)$ $E=400$ MeV/nucl.; $\mathrm{U}(^{20}\mathrm{Ne},X)$, $\mathrm{Al}(^{20}\mathrm{Ne},X)$, $E=2.1$ GeV/nucl.; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E,\ensuremath{\theta})$, $X=p,d,t,^{3}\mathrm{He},^{4}\mathrm{He}$. $\mathrm{U}(^{20}\mathrm{Ne},X)$, $U(\ensuremath{\alpha},X)$, $E=400$ MeV/nucl.; $U(^{20}\mathrm{Ne},X)$, $E=2.1$ GeV/nucl.; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E,\ensuremath{\theta})$, Li to O. $\mathrm{U}(^{20}\mathrm{Ne},X)$, $U(^{12}\mathrm{C},X)$, $E=2.1$ GeV/nucl.; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E,90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{})$, $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ to B. Nuclear fireballs, coalescence, thermodynamics of light nuclei production.

/pdf/central-collisions-of-relativistic-heavy-ions-lnjy0gyw7m.pdf

Central collisions of relativistic heavy ions

/pdf/collective-phenomena-in-non-central-nuclear-collisions-31xlmeg11z.pdf

Arthur M. Poskanzer

Papers

Methods for analyzing anisotropic flow in relativistic nuclear collisions

Direct measurement of the masses of Li 11 and Na 2 6 − 3 2 with an on-line mass spectrometer

Collective phenomena in non-central nuclear collisions

Central collisions of relativistic heavy ions

Collective Phenomena in Non-Central Nuclear Collisions