http://www.stoppingclimatechange.com/Oxygen%20-%20A-review-of-air-separation-technologies-whitepaper.pdf

A review of air separation technologies and their integration with energy conversion processes

A low or no pollution engine is provided for delivering power for vehicles or other power applications. The engine has an air inlet which collects air from a surrounding environment. At least a portion of the nitrogen in the air is removed using a technique such as liquefaction, pressure swing adsorption or membrane based air separation. The remaining gas is primarily oxygen, which is then compressed and routed to a gas generator. The gas generator has an igniter and inputs for the high pressure oxygen and a high pressure hydrogen-containing fuel, such as hydrogen, methane or a light alcohol. The fuel and oxygen are combusted within the gas generator, forming water and carbon dioxide with carbon containing fuels. Water is also delivered into the gas generator to control the temperature of the combustion products. The combustion products are then expanded through a power generating device, such as a turbine or piston expander to deliver output power for operation of a vehicle or other power uses. The combustion products, steam and, with carbon containing fuels, carbon dioxide, are then passed through a condenser where the steam is condensed and the carbon dioxide is collected or discharged. A portion of the water is collected for further processing and use and the remainder is routed back to the gas generator. The carbon dioxide is compressed and cooled so that it is in a liquid phase or super critical state. The dense phase carbon dioxide is then further pressurized to a pressure matching a pressure, less hydrostatic head, existing deep within a porous geological formation, a deep aquifer, a deep ocean location or other terrestrial formation from which return of the CO2 into the atmosphere is inhibited.

Hydrocarbon combustion power generation system with co2 sequestration

http://staff.www.ltu.se/~lassew/ene/Avd%20Energiteknik/Publikationer/2004/Energy_humid%20GT_041025.pdf

Humidified gas turbines—a review of proposed and implemented cycles

A heart valve assembly includes an annular prosthesis and a valve prosthesis. The annular prosthesis includes an annular ring for dilating tissue within a biological annulus and a conformable sewing cuff extending radially from the annular member. The valve prosthesis includes a frame and a valve component. The annular ring is introduced into the biological annulus to dilate tissue surrounding the biological annulus and the sewing cuff conforms to tissue above the biological annulus. Fasteners are directed through the sewing cuff to secure the annular prosthesis to the biological annulus. The annular prosthesis may include a baleen element for biasing fabric on the annular ring outwardly to enhance sealing against the biological annulus. A valve prosthesis is then advanced into the sinus cavity, and secured relative to the annular prosthesis. The sewing cuff may enhance a seal between the valve prosthesis and annular prosthesis.

Conformable prostheses for implanting two-piece heart valves and methods for using them

The invention relates to a power plant including an air separation unit arranged to separate oxygen from air and produce a stream of substantially pure liquid oxygen; a gas turbine arranged to combust a fuel, e.g., natural gas, liquefied natural gas, or synthesis gas, in the presence of substantially pure oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas, and to produce an exhaust gas comprising water and carbon dioxide; and a carbon dioxide removal unit arranged to recover carbon dioxide gas from the exhaust gas, recycle a portion of the recovered carbon dioxide gas for passage through the gas turbine, and liquefy the remainder of the recovered carbon dioxide gas for removal from the plant. In this new plant, the carbon dioxide removal unit is thermally integrated with the air separation unit by directing the stream of liquid oxygen from the air separation unit to the carbon dioxide removal unit to liquefy the remainder of the recovered carbon dioxide gas, the liquid oxygen thereby evaporating and forming cold oxygen gas which is directed to cool the recycled carbon dioxide gas prior to passage of the carbon dioxide gas through the gas turbine, and the oxygen gas is then directed to the gas turbine.

Power plant with carbon dioxide capture and zero pollutant emissions

An integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation system is operated at off-design conditions by introducing a supplemental fuel into the combustion turbine combustor to compensate for deviations from system design conditions. Such deviations include changes in ambient temperature and changes in the amount of extracted air required for the air separation system. The invention allows operation of the combustion turbine at or close to its maximum design power output and other components in the IGCC system at or close to their respective design points.

Operation method for integrated gasification combined cycle power generation system

An integrated gas turbine and air separation process and system having an air separation unit integrated with a gas turbine-driven air compression system which operates using fuel as the primary energy source. Feed air for the air separation unit is provided by two separate compressors driven by the gas turbine expander wherein one compressor provides air to the air separation unit and to the gas turbine combustor, and the other compressor provides feed air to the air separation unit. The ability to control an integrated air separation/gas turbine process during off-design or turndown conditions is improved by the use of two air compressors in the present invention compared with the usual single compressor gas turbine system. In the design of the integrated gas turbine and air separation system, the power requirement for a given air compression duty can be matched more readily to the power output of an available expansion turbine when two air compressors are used rather than a single air compressor.

Air separation process and system with gas turbine drivers

The present invention is related to an improvement for a process for the generation of electrical power, wherein, in a cryogenic air separation unit, compressed air is distilled into an oxygen product and a waste nitrogen product, wherein at least a portion of the oxygen product is compressed and reacted with a carbonaceous fuel, in a gasifier or partial oxidation unit, to produce a synthesis (fuel) gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen, wherein feed air is compressed in a gas turbine feed air compressor and subsequently saturated; wherein the synthesis gas is combusted with the saturated, compressed, gas turbine feed air in a combustor to produce a combustion gas, which passes through a transition piece and is then expanded in a gas turbine to generate work, wherein at least a portion of the generated work is used to drive the gas turbine feed air compressor and wherein at least another portion of the generated work is used to generate electricity. The improvement is characterized by: (a) supplying at least a portion of the compressed air to the cryogenic air separation unit by withdrawing a portion of the compressed, gas turbine feed air from the gas turbine feed air compressor; and (b) utilizing at least a portion of the heat of compression of the oxygen product to heat water to saturate the compressed, gas turbine feed air. The improvement can be further characterized by feeding at least a portion of the waste nitrogen product to an intermediate stage of the gas turbine feed air compressor, or by injecting at least a portion of the waste nitrogen product as a controllable inert gas coolant, diluent or mass flow enhancing component into at least one piece of equipment selected from the group consisting of the combustor, the transition piece and the gas turbine, or by utilizing at least a portion of heat inherent to the withdrawn portion of the compressed, gas turbine feed air from the gas turbine feed air compressor being fed to the cryogenic air separation unit to warm the portion of the oxygen product fed to the gasifier or partial oxidation unit.

Integrated air separation - gas turbine electrical generation process

An integrated gas turbine/air separation system is operated at or below full system load by feeding the air separation unit with air from a dedicated air feed compressor and optionally with extracted air from the gas turbine air compressor. When the gas turbine air compressor discharge drops below a selected pressure at part load conditions, the flow of extracted air to the air separation unit is discontinued and the air separation unit operates at constant pressure supplied only by the air feed compressor. This mode of operation is particularly useful in an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation system and allows the design of the oxygen and nitrogen product compressors such that the compressors operate at high efficiency during full load IGCC operation.

Operation of integrated gasification combined cycle power generation systems at part load

A high pressure combustion turbine is integrated with a double column cryogenic air separation system by cooling and purifying a portion of the compressed air from the combustion turbine compressor, work expanding a first portion of the resulting cooled air, and introducing the expanded air into the low pressure column. A second portion of the resulting cooled air is further cooled, throttled, and introduced into the high pressure column. A nitrogen product stream is returned to the turbine combustor, and a portion of the nitrogen product stream optionally is cooled, throttled, and recycled into the high pressure column. Preferably the higher pressure column operates at an absolute pressure which is about 20% to about 85% of the absolute pressure of the compressed air from the combustion turbine air compressor. Optionally an oxygen-rich liquid or a nitrogen-rich liquid is withdrawn from the higher pressure column during a period of low nitrogen product demand, stored, and withdrawn from storage to supplement feed to the lower pressure column during periods of high nitrogen product demand. Alternatively, high purity liquid oxygen is withdrawn from the lower pressure column during a period of low oxygen product, stored, and withdrawn from storage during periods of high oxygen product demand to supplement oxygen product withdrawn from the higher pressure column.

Arthur Ramsden Smith

Papers

Operation method for integrated gasification combined cycle power generation system

Air separation process and system with gas turbine drivers

Integrated air separation - gas turbine electrical generation process

Operation of integrated gasification combined cycle power generation systems at part load

High pressure combustion turbine and air separation system integration