Background on genetic algorithms, LISP, and genetic programming hierarchical problem-solving introduction to automatically-defined functions - the two-boxes problem problems that straddle the breakeven point for computational effort Boolean parity functions determining the architecture of the program the lawnmower problem the bumblebee problem the increasing benefits of ADFs as problems are scaled up finding an impulse response function artificial ant on the San Mateo trail obstacle-avoiding robot the minesweeper problem automatic discovery of detectors for letter recognition flushes and four-of-a-kinds in a pinochle deck introduction to biochemistry and molecular biology prediction of transmembrane domains in proteins prediction of omega loops in proteins lookahead version of the transmembrane problem evolutionary selection of the architecture of the program evolution of primitives and sufficiency evolutionary selection of terminals evolution of closure simultaneous evolution of architecture, primitive functions, terminals, sufficiency, and closure the role of representation and the lens effect Appendices: list of special symbols list of special functions list of type fonts default parameters computer implementation annotated bibliography of genetic programming electronic mailing list and public repository

Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection

http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/%7Elatora/report_06.pdf

Complex networks: Structure and dynamics

Statistical physics has proven to be a fruitful framework to describe phenomena outside the realm of traditional physics. Recent years have witnessed an attempt by physicists to study collective phenomena emerging from the interactions of individuals as elementary units in social structures. A wide list of topics are reviewed ranging from opinion and cultural and language dynamics to crowd behavior, hierarchy formation, human dynamics, and social spreading. The connections between these problems and other, more traditional, topics of statistical physics are highlighted. Comparison of model results with empirical data from social systems are also emphasized.

Statistical physics of social dynamics

IA. Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 1.2. Prerequisites of Selforganization . . . . . . . 467 1.2.3. Evolut ion Must S ta r t f rom R andom Even ts 467 1.2.2. Ins t ruc t ion Requires In format ion . . . . 467 1.2.3. In format ion Originates or Gains Value by S e l e c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 1.2.4. Selection Occurs wi th Special Substances under Special Conditions . . . . . . . . 470

/pdf/selforganization-of-matter-and-the-evolution-of-biological-3ms9rkbxjp.pdf

Selforganization of matter and the evolution of biological macromolecules

1 Graphical modeling using L-systems.- 1.1 Rewriting systems.- 1.2 DOL-systems.- 1.3 Turtle interpretation of strings.- 1.4 Synthesis of DOL-systems.- 1.4.1 Edge rewriting.- 1.4.2 Node rewriting.- 1.4.3 Relationship between edge and node rewriting.- 1.5 Modeling in three dimensions.- 1.6 Branching structures.- 1.6.1 Axial trees.- 1.6.2 Tree OL-systems.- 1.6.3 Bracketed OL-systems.- 1.7 Stochastic L-systems.- 1.8 Context-sensitive L-systems.- 1.9 Growth functions.- 1.10 Parametric L-systems.- 1.10.1 Parametric OL-systems.- 1.10.2 Parametric 2L-systems.- 1.10.3 Turtle interpretation of parametric words.- 2 Modeling of trees.- 3 Developmental models of herbaceous plants.- 3.1 Levels of model specification.- 3.1.1 Partial L-systems.- 3.1.2 Control mechanisms in plants.- 3.1.3 Complete models.- 3.2 Branching patterns.- 3.3 Models of inflorescences.- 3.3.1 Monopodial inflorescences.- 3.3.2 Sympodial inflorescences.- 3.3.3 Polypodial inflorescences.- 3.3.4 Modified racemes.- 4 Phyllotaxis.- 4.1 The planar model.- 4.2 The cylindrical model.- 5 Models of plant organs.- 5.1 Predefined surfaces.- 5.2 Developmental surface models.- 5.3 Models of compound leaves.- 6 Animation of plant development.- 6.1 Timed DOL-systems.- 6.2 Selection of growth functions.- 6.2.1 Development of nonbranching filaments.- 6.2.2 Development of branching structures.- 7 Modeling of cellular layers.- 7.1 Map L-systems.- 7.2 Graphical interpretation of maps.- 7.3 Microsorium linguaeforme.- 7.4 Dryopteris thelypteris.- 7.5 Modeling spherical cell layers.- 7.6 Modeling 3D cellular structures.- 8 Fractal properties of plants.- 8.1 Symmetry and self-similarity.- 8.2 Plant models and iterated function systems.- Epilogue.- Appendix A Software environment for plant modeling.- A.1 A virtual laboratory in botany.- A.2 List of laboratory programs.- Appendix B About the figures.- Turtle interpretation of symbols.

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The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants

This invention relates to prefabricated buildings and comprises a central unit having a peripheral section therearound to form a main residential part. This peripheral part is defined by an assembly of juxtaposed roofing and facing trusses; the roofing trusses rest on said central unit and also on the facing trusses which themselves rest on a peripheral support wall. The facing trusses are of triangular section and have an inclined outer wall extending downwardly and beyond the said peripheral support wall.

Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata

Essays on cellular automata

Inasmuch as the completed device will be a general-purpose computing machine it should contain certain main organs relating to arithmetic, memory- storage, control and connection with the human operator. It is intended that the machine be fully automatic in character, i.e. independent of the human operator after the computation starts. A fuller discussion of the implications of this remark will be given in Chapter 3 below.

/pdf/preliminary-discussion-of-the-logical-design-of-an-4cc4mhgkeu.pdf

Preliminary discussion of the logical design of an electronic computing instrument (1946)

One task of logic, Peirce held, is to classify arguments so as to determine the validity of each kind. His own classification is interesting because it includes a novel type of argument (called abduction') in addition to the two traditionally recognized types (induction and deduction). It is the purpose of this paper to discuss what Peirce thought to be sufficiently distinctive about abduction to warrant calling it a new kind of argument. But since one finds in his writings on abduction a number of different views it is first necessary to make a few remarks concerning the unity of Peirce's thought. The variation to be found in his views on abduction is, of course, typical of Peirce's writings. It is fashionable today to conclude from the fact that Peirce's writings are fragmentary that his thought was likewise fragmentary. Now it is true that Peirce was frustrated in his ambition to create a unified system. But the lack of unity in his thought has been greatly overemphasized because of a failure to recognize three facts: first, that his logic is foundational to the rest of his philosophy, and hence that his three categories are basic to all his thought; second, that in the scientific spirit Peirce pursued the implications of different hypotheses (and as a consequence varied his terminology from paper to paper); and third, that there was a temporal development in his thought. The last point is particularly important for an understanding of Peirce's varied writings on abduction. Roughly speaking, Peirce's thought falls into two periods.2 In the early period Peirce treated inference, and hence abduction, as an evidencing process. The distinction he drew between induction and abduction corresponds to that between the descriptive, summarizing part of science and the explanatory, theoretical part: induction is an inference from a sample to a whole, while abduction is an inference from a body of data to an explaining hypothesis. In his later period Peirce widened the concept of inference to include methodological processes as well as evidencing processes: induction is the method of testing hypotheses, and abduction includes the method of discovering them.3 This development was a part of Peirce's attempt at system building. During his later period Peirce took the original ideas (pragmatism, synechism, abduction, etc.) discovered in the first period of his thought and attempted to use them as the basis of a grand philosophic system. To this end he worked out a

Arthur W. Burks

Papers

Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata

Essays on cellular automata

Preliminary discussion of the logical design of an electronic computing instrument (1946)

Peirce's Theory of Abduction

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