The State of Climate Action 2022 provides a comprehensive assessment of the global gap in climate action across the world’s highest-emitting systems, highlighting where recent progress made in reducing GHG emissions, scaling up carbon removal, and increasing climate finance must accelerate over the next decade to keep the Paris Agreement’s goal to limit warming to 1.5°C within reach.

State of Climate Action 2022

Daun keluarga Zingiberaceae memiliki aroma khas yang mirip dengan rimpangnya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi minyak atsiri daun beberapa spesies dari keluarga Zingiberaceae dan menentukan aktivitas minyak atsiri tersebut sebagai antioksidan dan antiglikasi yang berhubungan dengan anti-penuaan. Daun dari 8 spesies yaitu Alpinia galanga, Boesenbergia pandaratum, Curcuma aeruginosa, Curcuma domestica, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuma zedoaria, Ellettaria cardamomum, dan Zingiber officinale diisolasi minyak atsirinya menggunakan teknik distilasi uap. Minyak yang diperoleh ditentukan kemampuannya sebagai antioksidan menggunakan metode ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) menggunakan spektrofotometer visual serta kemampuan antiaging melalui aktivitas antiglikasi mengunakan flourimetri. Rendemen minyak dihasilkan mulai dari 0.04 hingga 3.15%. Kapasitas antioksidan tertinggi dengan metode ABTS ditemukan pada minyak atsiri daun Curcuma aeruginosa sebesar 5.10g ekuivalen asam askorbat/ 100 g minyak sedangkan minyak dengan aktivitas antiglikasi terbesar ditemukan pada minyak daun Z. officinale dengan konsentrasi penghambatan 50%, IC 50 sebesar 207.95mg/L.  Senyawa kimia pada minyak atsiri daun Z. officinale ditentukan menggunakan metode Kromatografi Gas- Spektrometri Massa dan ditemukan kariofilena sebagai komponen dominannya. Kariofilena mampu bertindak sebagai antiglikasi dengan konsentrasi penghambatan 50% sebesar 113.8 µM. Minyak atsiri dari daun Z officinale berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai antiaging.

https://ijeo.ub.ac.id/index.php/ijeo/article/download/6/10

Minyak atsiri daun zingiberaceae sebagai antioksidan dan antiglikasi

Cajuput ( Melaleuca leucadendra L.) oil is one of potential commodity that provides an important role for the country’s foreign exchange but the extraction of these essential oil is still using conventional method such as hydrodistillation which takes a long time to produce essential oil with good quality. Therefore it is necessary to optimize the extraction process using a more effective and efficient method. So in this study the extraction is done using solvent-free microwave extraction method that are considered more effective and efficient than conventional methods. The optimum yield in the extraction of cajuput oil using solvent-free microwave extraction method is 1.0674%. The optimum yield is obtained on the feed to distiller (F/D) ratio of 0.12 g/mL with microwave power of 400 W. In the extraction of cajuput oil using solvent-free microwave extraction method is performed first-order and second-order kinetics modelling. Based on kinetics modelling that has been done, it can be said that the second-order kinetic model (R 2 = 0.9901) can be better represent experimental results of extraction of cajuput oil that using solvent-free microwave extraction method when compared with the first-order kinetic model (R 2 = 0.9854).

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Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from Melaleuca leucadendra L.

Climate change is a major challenge for Indonesia due to its impact on food, water, energy sustainability, and environmental health. Almost all Indonesian regions are exposed to floods, landslides, soil erosion, drought, and heavy rains. In response to these challenges, the Government of Indonesia has determined integrated watershed management (IWM) to be one of the key programs to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as stated in the updated Indonesian nationally determined contribution (NDC). This paper intends to review Indonesia′s efforts in mitigating and adapting to climate change through an IWM approach, and its attempts to realize a decent life and environment for all communities. Improvement of the IWM can be conducted by strengthening the synergy between the responsible institutions for watershed management and the responsible institutions for handling mitigation and adaptation of climate change impacts. In addition, it is important to prioritize coordination, participation, and collaboration not only at the national government level but also at the international level, since numerous problems may exist in the transboundary between countries, and finding solutions should involve planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Implementing the micro watershed model (MWM), supported by culture, local wisdom, and traditional knowledge in communities, can be used to improve the current IWM.

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Improvement of Integrated Watershed Management in Indonesia for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change: A Review

Dominated by mountainous topography, high rainfall, and erosion-sensitive soil types, and with the majority of its population living in rural areas as farmers, most of Indonesia’s watersheds are highly vulnerable to erosion. In 1984, the Government of Indonesia established 22 priority watersheds to be handled, which marked the start of formal soil and water conservation activities. Although it has not fully succeeded in improving watershed conditions from all aspects, something which is indicated by fluctuations in the area of degraded land, over the past 40 years the Indonesian government has systematically implemented various soil and water conservation techniques in various areas with the support of policies, laws and regulations, and research and development. These systematic efforts have shown positive results, with a 40% reduction in the area of degraded land over the last 15 years from 2004–2018. This paper reviews policy, implementation, and research and development of soil and water conservation activities in Indonesia over the last 40 years from the 1980s to 2020 and explores the dynamics of the activities.

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Forty Years of Soil and Water Conservation Policy, Implementation, Research and Development in Indonesia: A Review

Indonesia has the second-largest biodiversity of any country in the world. Deforestation and forest degradation have caused a range of environmental issues, including habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity, deterioration of water quality and quantity, air pollution, and increased greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Forest restoration at the landscape level has been conducted to balance ecological integrity and human well-being. Forest restoration efforts are also aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and are closely related to Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) from the forestry sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine the regulatory, institutional, and policy aspects of forest restoration in Indonesia, as well as the implementation of forest restoration activities in the country. The article was written using a synoptic review approach to Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)-related articles and national experiences. Failures, success stories, and criteria and indicators for forest restoration success are all discussed. We also discuss the latest silvicultural techniques for the success of the forest restoration program. Restoration governance in Indonesia has focused on the wetland ecosystem such as peatlands and mangroves, but due to the severely degraded condition of many forests, the government has by necessity opted for active restoration involving the planting and establishment of livelihood options. The government has adapted its restoration approach from the early focus on ecological restoration to more forest landscape restoration, which recognizes that involving the local community in restoration activities is critical for the success of forest restoration.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/3/328/pdf?version=1645698006

Tropical Forest Landscape Restoration in Indonesia: A Review

Agroforestry has been practiced for decades and is undoubtedly an important source of income for Indonesian households living near forests. However, there are still many cases of poverty among farmers due to a lack of ability to adopt advanced technology. This literature review aims to identify the characteristics and factors causing the occurrence of agricultural subsistence and analyze its implications for the level of farmer welfare and the regional forestry industry. The literature analysis conducted reveals that small land tenure, low literacy rates, and lack of forest maintenance are the main causes of the subsistence of small agroforestry farmers. Another reason is that subsistence-oriented agroforestry practices are considered a strong form of smallholder resilience. All of these limitations have implications for low land productivity and high-sawn timber waste from community forests. To reduce the subsistence level of farmers, government intervention is needed, especially in providing managerial assistance packages, capital assistance, and the marketing of forest products. Various agroforestry technologies are available but have not been implemented consistently by farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an integrated collaboration between researchers, farmers, and regionally owned enterprises (BUMD) to increase access to technology and markets. Although it is still difficult to realize, forest services, such as upstream–downstream compensation and carbon capture, have the potential to increase farmer income.

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Traditional Subsistence Farming of Smallholder Agroforestry Systems in Indonesia: A Review

Leavessignifies as the most important part of cajuput-oil-producing tree species from which the corresponding oil is extracted. Dimensionof leaf vary among different genus and even among different trees within the same genus as well as within the same species. In relevant, this research aimed to look into the characteristics of the leaf and essential oil yield of the five cajuput-oil-producing tree species. Those investigated species consisted of red-flowered trees (white-flowered trees , and which altogether indigenously grew at Wasur National Park, in Merauke (Papua). From those five species, approximately 6 kg of fresh leaf was taken and prepared for the steam-distillation process to extract their cajuput oil. In total, there were about 120 pieces of leaves as sampled that represented the dimension of all those five species. Results shows that the leaves of exhibited the biggest dimension (length and width), while those of consecutively has the smallest length and had the smallest width. Leaves of afforded the biggest oil yield (1,43 %) and red-flowered trees had the smallest oil yield (<0,1 %).

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Karakteristik daun dan rendemen minyak atsiri lima jenis tumbuhan kayu putih

Pemakaian perekat alami likuida kayu ( wood liquids adhesive ) dengan campuran kayu karet dan bambu tali dimaksudkan sebagai upaya pemanfaatan limbah kayu karet dan bambu tali, di samping sebagai substitusi perekat sintetis. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan analisis faktorial 3 x 3 dalam rancangan acak lengkap dengan dua kali ulangan. Faktor-faktor yang diteliti adalah jenis partikel (karet, bambu tali dan campurannya dengan perbandingan 50 : 50 berdasarkan berat kering tanur) dan kadar perekat (10%, 15% dan 20%). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perekat likuida kayu memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut: pH kurang dari 1, viskositas sebesar 2,03 poise, kadar padat perekat 91%, waktu gelatinasi (90) 9 menit 48 detik, berat jenis 1,153 dan warna perekat hitam. Berdasarkan ciri tersebut, perekat likuida kayu belum memenuhi syarat SNI 06-0121-1987 untuk perekat phenol formaldehida. Papan partikel campuran kayu karet dan bambu tali memiliki kerapatan 0,83 g/cm3, kadar air 6,9%, pengembangan tebal 19%, daya serap air 28%, MOE 10540 kgf/cm2, MOR 258 kgf/cm2, dan Internal Bond (IB) 2,2 kgf/cm2. Berdasarkan ciri tersebut, papan partikel tersebut belum memenuhi syarat SNI 03-2105-1996 untuk papan partikel berkerapatan sedang ( medium density particle board ).

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KUALITAS PAPAN PARTIKEL KAYU KARET (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) DAN BAMBU TALI (Gigantochloa apus Kurz) DENGAN PEREKAT LIKUIDA KAYU

The utilization of land under tree stand in teak forest has been widely applied by Perhutani as a means to maintain the quality of teak tree and to give additional income to people living around the teak plantation. In general, the utilization of land under tree stand is by planting crops for limited duration. One of the crops planted under teak stands is papaya that is planted together with teak seedlings until 2 years. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of papaya cultivation under teak stands in Purwaharja Village, Banjar City. The analysis tools used include NPV (Net Present Value) and BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio). The results of this study show that the papaya cultivation under teak stands give NPV of IDR 20,072,606.- and BCR of 2.89. Therefore, the cultivation of papaya under teak stand is feasible to conduct.

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Ary Widiyanto

Papers

Tropical Forest Landscape Restoration in Indonesia: A Review

Traditional Subsistence Farming of Smallholder Agroforestry Systems in Indonesia: A Review

Karakteristik daun dan rendemen minyak atsiri lima jenis tumbuhan kayu putih

KUALITAS PAPAN PARTIKEL KAYU KARET (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) DAN BAMBU TALI (Gigantochloa apus Kurz) DENGAN PEREKAT LIKUIDA KAYU

Analisis usaha budidaya pepaya pola agroforestri jati-pepaya di desa purwaharja, banjar