Wireless sensor networks employ a number of sensor nodes motes that have limitations of battery-power, sensing, computation, and wireless communication capabilities. The design of an efficient routing protocol to be used by these motes has a very significant impact on the overall lifetime of the network. Clustering motes and structuring them hierarchically provides better data aggregation and scalability while also considering the energy constraints. We present an enhanced version of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy LEACH routing protocol called Fuzzy Based Fault Tolerant-LEACH FTLEACH, which considers remaining battery-power, centrality of cluster head and node density during routing. The routing process involves clustering of motes, assigning of cluster head, replica cluster head and identifying faulty motes. Our results show that the enhanced approach provides better performance than the existing LEACH protocol in terms of first node fails, and half node alive and it exhibits better stability, and lower delay and maximises network lifetime.

Fuzzy-based fault-tolerant low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy routing protocol for wireless sensor network

A WSN consists of large number of small power units called nodes that perform the operation of sensing, data collection, computation, compression, transmission. Recently there has been much stress on improvements in WSNs by designing new techniques and approaches for achieving energy efficiency and improved lifetime. Since the network is constrained in terms of capabilities of power, energy, computation it is necessary to deal with these efficiently. Previous work in survey consists of either stating extensions of a particular protocol or categorizing the various protocols. This paper tries to summarize all modified latest methods in terms of CH selection, new mathematical formulations, balancing of cluster loads, number of static sinks, linear clustering etc. Paper includes optimized LEACH-C, advanced MODLEACH, improved PEGASIS, P-LEACH, DAPTEEN, SEECH, LCH, REACH-IN.

Routing and clustering optimization techniques in WSN: A review

Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs) provide realistic application design capabilities. The sensor nodes (SNs) are arranged in groups or clusters. Each cluster has a cluster head (CH). The CH accumulates the sensed data from its SNs to be sent to a base station (BS). SNs have been positioned with batteries, which cannot be replaced. Energy consumption is a major concern for WSNs. In order to achieve efficient mission-critical sensor networks, it is necessary to develop energy-efficient routing protocols. We suggest an innovative and inventive approach to design an enhanced energy-efficient clustering approach (EEECA) to increase the network lifetime and reduce the energy consumption in HWSNs. The proposed protocol is based on the three-tier nodes, namely, standard, intermediate, and advanced nodes. In the clustering procedure, we consider various parameters for selecting the CH, namely, the initial energy of the SNs, the number of alive/dead nodes, and the remaining energy. Extensive performance parameters show that the proposed EEECA-THWSN extends the network lifetime by 25% and decreases the network’s energy consumption. The proposed protocol improves the energy efficiency of EEECA-THWSN and significantly increases the network throughput, network lifetime, and network stability.

THWSN: Enhanced Energy-Efficient Clustering Approach for Three-Tier Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, a grid-based load balanced clustering protocol (LBCP) is proposed to prolong the network lifetime of wireless sensor network (WSN). The operations of LBCP include the division of the network into regular grids, maximum normalized residual energy-based cluster head (CH) selection, and rotation of the role of CH for equal distribution of energy load among sensor nodes (SNs). In each grid, SNs send data to their respective CH in their allotted time slot. CHs then processes and transmits data to the base station (BS) using the code division multiple access (CDMA) technique. In LBCP, square grids are formed instead of circular clusters to avoid any voids between clusters. Numerous simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of LBCP and the obtained results are compared with low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The simulation results showed that LBCP can extend the network lifetime up to 45%, 48% and 83% more than LEACH in an area of 100m×100m, 200m×200m and 300m×300m respectively. In LBCP, the energy of SNs is utilized in an efficient manner so that they remain alive for a longer time which results in the prolonged network lifetime. Hence, it can be concluded that the LBCP has better CH selection algorithm which helps in longer lifetime of WSN.

https://accentsjournals.org/PaperDirectory/Journal/IJATEE/2018/9/3.pdf

Load balanced clustering protocol for enhancing the lifetime of wireless sensor network

The Internet of Things (IoT) sensors have been widely applied into human social activities for a long time. To better use the limited energy resource, an energy-balancing based cluster-head alternatively selecting and cluster-node evenly clustering strategy is proposed in this paper. First, the optimal number of cluster nodes is obtained through simulation. Then, the weights for each cluster-head node are set according to the proposed strategy to balance the remaining energy of IoT sensor in the entire network. The simulation results show that, compared with the traditional clustering algorithm, the proposed clustering algorithm can balance energy consumption and extend life-time of the whole sensor network.

An Energy-Balancing Based Clustering Method in Sensor Networks for IoT Sensing and Monitoring

Research on wireless sensor networks has recently received much attention as they offer an advantage of monitoring various kinds of environment by sensing physical phenomenon. Prolonged network lifetime, scalability, and load balancing are important requirement for many sensor network applications. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique for achieving these goals. The primary objectives of the wireless sensor network routing protocol design are balancing network energy consumption and extending the entire network lifetime. Clustering is an effective technique that can greatly contribute to overall system scalability, lifetime, and energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we propose an energy efficient clustering algorithm for WSNs based on the LEACH algorithm. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is one of the most well known energy efficient clustering algorithms for WSNs. The proposed algorithm solves the extra transmissions problem that can occurs in LEACH algorithm.

Ashish Kumar Upadhyay

Papers

Modified LEACH protocol for sensor network