https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/33/9/907.1.full.pdf

Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: A systematic review and meta-analysis

In the last decade, extended-spectrum cephalosporin and carbapenem resistant Gram-negative bacilli have been extensively reported in the literature as being disseminated in humans but also in animals and the environment. These resistant organisms often cause treatment challenges due to their wide spectrum of antibiotic resistance. With the emergence of colistin resistance in animals and its subsequent detection in humans, the situation was worsened. Several studies reported the transmission of resistant organisms from animals to humans. Studies from the middle east highlighted the spread of resistant organisms in hospitals and to a lesser extent in livestock and the environment. In view of the recent socio-economical conflicts that these countries are facing in addition to the constant population mobilization; we attempt in this review to highlight the gaps as for the prevalence of resistance, antibiotic consumption reports, infection control measures and other risk factors contributing in particular to the spread of resistance in these countries. In hospitals, carbapenemase producers appear to be dominant. In contrast, ESBLs and colistin resistance are becoming a serious problem in animals. This is mainly due to the continuous use of colistin in veterinary medicine although it was previously abandoned in the human sphere. In the environment, despite the small number of reports, ESBL and carbapenemase producers were both detected. This highlights the importance of this latter as a bridge between humans and animals in the transmission chain. In this review, we have noticed that in the majority of the Middle Eastern area, little is known about the level of antibiotic consumption especially in the community and animal farms. Furthermore, some countries are nowadays facing the burden of immigrants, poverty and poor living conditions imposed by the civil war crisis. This all facilitates more the dissemination of resistance in all environments. In the one health concept, this work re-emphasizes the need to have global intervention measures to avoid dissemination of antibiotic resistance in humans, animals and environment in Middle Eastern countries.

/pdf/understanding-the-epidemiology-of-multi-drug-resistant-gram-639c0w1rwc.pdf

Understanding the Epidemiology of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli in the Middle East Using a One Health Approach.

Summary
Salmonella enterica serotypes (Salmonella sp.) are the second cause of bacterial foodborne zoonoses in humans after campylobacteriosis. Pork is the third most important cause for outbreak-associated salmonellosis, and colibacillosis is the most important disease in piglets and swine. Attachment to host cells, translocation of effector proteins into host cells, invasion and replication in tissues are the vital virulence steps of these pathogens that help them to thrive in the intestinal environment and invade tissues. Feed contamination is an important source for Salmonella infection in pig production. Many on-farm feeding strategies intervene to avoid the introduction of pathogens onto the farm by contaminated feeds or to reduce infection pressure when pathogens are present. Among the latter, prebiotics could be effective at protecting against these enteric bacterial pathogens. Nowadays, a wide range of molecules can potentially serve as prebiotics. Here, we summarize the prevalence of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli in pigs, understanding of the mechanisms by which pathogens can cause disease, the feed related to pathogen contamination in pigs and detail the mechanisms on which prebiotics are likely to act in order to fulfil their protective action against these pathogens in pig production. Many different mechanisms involve the inhibition of Salmonella and E. coli by prebiotics such as coating the host surface, modulation of intestinal ecology, downregulating the expression of adhesin factors or virulence genes, reinforcing the host immune system.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jpn.12666

Review on the effects of potential prebiotics on controlling intestinal enteropathogens Salmonella and Escherichia coli in pig production.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and certain virulence genes of the most predominant bacterial pathogens causing BRD. A total of 225 calves; 55 apparently healthy and 170 diseased; were sampled. Bacteriological examination, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCR based detection of some virulence genes were performed. In addition, the serotyping of E. coli was performed using the slide agglutination test. The most predominant bacterial pathogens retrieved from apparently healthy calves were E. coli (16.4%) and S. aureus (10.9%), and in pneumonic calves were E. coli (23.5%), P. vulgaris (12.4%) and S. aureus (11.8%). The most prevalent virulence gene in E. coli was the fimH gene (100%), followed by eaeA gene (24.5%) and hly gene (20.4%). All the examined S. aureus strains harbored spa and coa genes; likewise, all P. multocida strains harbored toxA gene. The majority of the isolated strains displayed remarkable sensitivity to norfloxacin and enrofloxacin; furthermore, the retrieved E. coli strains exhibited multidrug-resistance to gentamicin, erythromycin, streptomycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, in addition, the isolated S. aureus and P. aeruginosa strains showed multidrug-resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin and tetracycline. E. coli serogroups including O18, O143, O1, and O6 were retrieved from pneumonic calves as the first report in Egypt. In conclusion, the synergism between the conventional and genotypic analysis is an effective gadget for the characterization of bacterial pathogens causing BRD. Continuous surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility is essential to select the drug of choice due to the development of multidrug-resistant strains.

/pdf/prevalence-the-antibiogram-and-the-frequency-of-virulence-d4aagwgug2.pdf

Prevalence, the antibiogram and the frequency of virulence genes of the most predominant bacterial pathogens incriminated in calf pneumonia

AIM In Egypt as in many other countries, river water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is considered an important source of high-quality milk and meat supply. The objective of this study was to investigate serotypes, virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance determinants profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from buffalo at some places in Egypt; noticibly, this issue was not discussed in the country yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS A number of 58 rectal samples were collected from diarrheic buffalo calves in different regions in Egypt, and bacteriological investigated for E. coli existence. The E. coli isolates were biochemically, serologicaly identified, tested for antibiotic susceptibility, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyzed for the presence of antibiotic resistance determinants and virulence genes. RESULTS Overall 14 isolates typed as E. coli (24.1%); 6 were belonged to serogroup O78 (10.3%), followed by O125 (4 isolates, 6.9%), then O158 (3 isolates, 5.2%) and one isolate O8 (1.7%), among them, there were 5 E. coli isolates showed a picture of hemolysis (35.7%). The isolates exhibited a high resistance to β lactams over 60%, followed by sulfa (50%) and aminoglucoside (42.8%) group, in the same time the isolates were sensitive to quinolone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline (100%), and cephalosporine groups (71.4%). A multiplex PCR was applied to the 14 E. coli isolates revealed that all were carrying at least one gene, as 10 carried blaTEM (71.4%), 8 Sul1 (57.1%), and 6 aadB (42.8%), and 9 isolates could be considered multidrug resistant (MDR) by an incidence of 64.3%. A PCR survey was stratified for the most important E. coli virulence genes, and showed the presence of Shiga toxins in 9 isolates carried either one or the two Stx genes (64.3%), 5 isolates carried hylA gene (35.7%), and eae in 2 isolates only (14.3%), all isolates carried at least one virulence gene except two (85.7%). CONCLUSION The obtained data displayed that in Egypt, buffalo as well as other ruminants could be a potential source of MDR pathogenic E. coli variants which have a public health importance.

/pdf/serotyping-antibiotic-susceptibility-and-virulence-genes-c5l0yjpdmx.pdf

Serotyping, antibiotic susceptibility, and virulence genes screening of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from diarrheic buffalo calves in Egyptian farms.

A very limited research work concerning foods of porcine origin in Egypt were obtained in spite of presence of a considerable swine population and consumers. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of food poisoning bacteria isolated from local and imported retail pork by-products in Egyptian markets. A total of 80 pork samples, including 60 local pork by-products and 20 imported ones were used. The isolated bacteria species after biochemical and serological typing were Escherichia coli (59) and distributed as E. coli O157(27), E. coli O146(18) and E. coli O111 (14) by 33.75, 22.5 and 17.5%, respectively followed by Staphylococcus aureus which was isolated from 23 (28.75%), Salmonella spp. was represented by Salmonella typhimurium (9) Salmonella enteritidis (7)  and Salmonella agona (4), as 11.25,8.75, and 5%, respectively. Finally, Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 9 samples as 11.25%. The bacterial isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and more resistant to penicillin, gentamicin, amoxicillin and ceftazidime. The bacterial isolation is considerably more in the local pork by-products than the imported samples. On the whole, both types are commonly in permissible limits of the Egyptian food quality standard as the high A.P.C. were Staphylococci and E. coli followed by Salmonella spp., then L. monocytogenes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on isolation and identification of food born bacteria from pork by-products in Egypt.

	Key words:  Pork by-products, local, imported, food poisoning bacteria, Egypt.

/pdf/prevalence-of-some-food-poisoning-bacteria-in-local-and-9po6l5n0wc.pdf

Prevalence of some food poisoning bacteria in local and imported retail pork by-products in Egyptian markets

Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Campylobacter Species Isolated from Chicken in Egypt

Background Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a serious disease affects sheep and goat, caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Due to it is non-treatable disease, so the effective preventive vaccines are considered a significant way to combat the disease. All strains of C. pseudotuberculosis have several virulence factors that associated with their cell invasion, survival, and proliferation such as phospholipase D (PLD), outer lipid coat, and secreted proteases. Aim The present study was directed to perform a comparative innate and acquired immune response assessment of different four vaccine formulas to evoke protection against induced (CLA) challenge in sheep. Materials and Methods Negative ELISA (free of CLA) 15 local breed male (Balady) sheep were divided into five groups, each has received a different vaccine while the control has received saline buffer. The first vaccine composed of toxoid PLD alone the second composed of toxoid PLD with bacterin (formalinkilled bacteria), the third vaccine composed of toxoid PLD plus covaccine 8, while the fourth one composed of toxoid PLD plus locally produced polyvalent clostridial vaccine. The specific immune response was evaluated through lymphocyte proliferation assay using ELISA BrdU kit, while the non-specific response was estimated by superoxide anion production and lysozyme activity assays. Results The study revealed that PLD toxoid could evoke the highest specific immune response, showing a stimulation index (9.12%). On the other hand, combined toxoid ↱PLD with bacterin followed by PLD toxoid showed a significant increase in the non-specific innate immune response. Conclusion The present study indicated that the toxoid PLD alone vaccine was most efficient and provided innate and acquired immune response in animals against CLA.

/pdf/evaluation-of-specific-and-non-specific-immune-response-of-2tvwsg411y.pdf

Evaluation of specific and non-specific immune response of four vaccines for caseous lymphadenitis in sheep challenged.

Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pit of an enormous group of free-living bacteria that are able to live everywhere and suggested to be the causative agent of great scope of acute and chronic animal infections. Aim The current study was carried out to illustrate the prevalence of P. aeruginosa in small ruminants and existence of some virulence operons as well as its antimicrobial resistance. Materials and Methods A total of 155 samples from sheep and 105 samples from goats (mouth abscesses, fecal swabs, nasal, tracheal swabs, and lung tissue) were collected for bacteriological study, existence of some virulence expression operons with the study of their sensitivity to the antimicrobials using disc diffusion and presence of mexR operon which is responsible for multidrug resistance (MDR). Results The bacteriological examination revealed that P. aeruginosa was isolated from nine out of 155 samples from sheep (5.8%) and four isolates out of 105 samples from goat (3.8%). It is found that 12 (92.3%), 10 (76.9 %), and 8 (61.5%) of P. aeruginosa isolates harbored hemolysin phospholipase gene (pcl H), gene (exo S), and enterotoxin gene (tox A), respectively. The results of antibiotic sensitivity test showed that all tested isolates were resistant to ampicillin, bacitracin, erythromycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tobramycin but sensitive to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. The MDR (mex R) operon was existed in all isolates. Conclusion There is a growing risk for isolation of virulent MDR P. aeruginosa from sheep and goat illness cases, and this should be regarded in the efficient control programs.

/pdf/detection-of-virulence-and-multidrug-resistance-operons-in-pvjgoi1102.pdf

Ashraf S. Hakim

Papers

Serotyping, antibiotic susceptibility, and virulence genes screening of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from diarrheic buffalo calves in Egyptian farms.

Prevalence of some food poisoning bacteria in local and imported retail pork by-products in Egyptian markets

Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Campylobacter Species Isolated from Chicken in Egypt

Evaluation of specific and non-specific immune response of four vaccines for caseous lymphadenitis in sheep challenged.

Detection of virulence and multidrug resistance operons in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Egyptian Baladi sheep and goat.