[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Bacterial volatiles induce systemic resistance in Arabidopsis (vol 134, pg 1017, 2004)

Microbial volatiles as plant growth inducers.

http://besa.oxfordjournals.org/content/besa/26/4/475.2.full.pdf

Nematodes for Biological Control of Insects

The struggle for survival is a natural and a continuous process. Microbes are struggling to survive by depending on plants for their nutrition while plants on the other hand are resisting the attack of microbes in order to survive. This interaction is a tug of war and the knowledge of microbe-plant relationship will enable farmers/agriculturists improve crop health, yield, sustain regular food supply, and minimize the use of agrochemicals such as fungicides and pesticides in the fight against plant pathogens. Although, these chemicals are capable of inhibiting pathogens, they also constitute an environmental hazard. However, certain microbes known as plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPM) aid in the sensitization and priming of the plant immune defense arsenal for it to conquer invading pathogens. PGPM perform this function by the production of elicitors such as volatile organic compounds, antimicrobials, and/or through competition. These elicitors are capable of inducing the expression of pathogenesis-related genes in plants through induced systemic resistance or acquired systemic resistance channels. This review discusses the current findings on the influence and participation of microbes in plants’ resistance to biotic stress and to suggest integrative approach as a better practice in disease management and control for the achievement of sustainable environment, agriculture, and increasing food production.

/pdf/the-impact-of-microbes-in-the-orchestration-of-plants-4lbokcyws2.pdf

The impact of microbes in the orchestration of plants' resistance to biotic stress: a disease management approach.

Microbial volatiles play an expedient role in the agricultural ecological system by enhancing plant growth and inducing systemic resistance against plant pathogens, without causing hazardous effects on the environment. To explore the effects of VOCs of Ralstonia solanacearum TBBS1 (Rs) on tobacco plant growth and on plant growth promoting efficiency of VOCs produced by Bacillus subtilis SYST2, experiments were conducted both in vitro and in planta.
 The VOCs produced by SYST2 significantly enhanced the plant growth and induced the systemic resistance (ISR) against wilt pathogen Rs in all experiments. The SYST2-VOCs significantly increased PPO and PAL activity and over-expressed the genes relating to expansin, wilt resistance, and plant defense while repressed the genes relating to ethylene production. More interestingly, VOCs produced by pathogen, Rs had no significant effect on plant growth; however, Rs-VOCs decreased the growth promoting potential of SYST2-VOCs when plants were exposed to VOCs produced by both SYST2 and Rs. The co-culture of SYST2 and Rs revealed that they inhibited the growth of each other; however, the inhibition of Rs by SYST2-VOCs appeared to be greater than that of SYST2 by Rs-VOCs. Our findings provide new insights regarding the interaction among SYST2-VOCs, Rs-VOCs and plant, resulting in growth promotion and induced systemic resistance against the bacterial wilt pathogen Rs. This is the first report of the effect of VOCs produced by pathogenic microorganism on plant growth and on plant growth-promoting and systemic resistance-inducing potential of PGPR strain SYST2.

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Effect of volatile compounds produced by Ralstonia solanacearum on plant growth promoting and systemic resistance inducing potential of Bacillus volatiles

The cadusafos (Rugby ®) showed strong nematicidal property in lab experiment and greenhouse trail. Cadusafos 1%, 0.5% and 0.25% was tested in egg hatching, juveniles mortality and invasion and development of root knot nematodes Melodigyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood in tomato to (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Cadusafos 1% was found to be effective in egg inhibition of Meloidogyne incognita. Cadusafos (Rugby ®) 1% showed 100% while 0.5% and 0.25% showed 72% and 57.3% mortality of juveniles, respectively. Mortality of juveniles increased with increased exposure time and concentration. Invasion, development and reproduction of root knot nematode were evaluated on tomato crop. Data was recorded after 7, 17 and 35 days to observe the penetration and development stages including vermiform, swollen, sausage stage, immature females, adult females and egg masses of M. incognita. Maximum reduction of M. incognita was observed when soil was treated with Cadusafos (Rugby ®) 1%. Most effective concentration of cadusafos determined by above experiments was used to assess its effect as protective and curative. Root knot nematode population was reduced when cadusafos was applied as protective application.

/pdf/control-of-meloidogyne-incognita-kofoid-and-white-chitwood-ra48gle8tw.pdf

Control of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) chitwood by cadusafos (Rugby®) on tomato.

The transcription factor VpCRZ1 is required for fruiting body formation and pathogenicity in Valsa pyri

Entomopathogenic nematodes; Steinernema asiaticum (Anis), Steinernema glaseri (Steiner), Heterorhabditis indica (Poinar) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) were investigated for their effect on Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) in tomato. They were applied at different levels before and at the same time with the application of root-knot nematodes. Suppression of M. incognita varied with application rates of S. asiaticum, S. glaseri, H. indica and H. bacteriophora in tomato. The high application rates of S. asiaticum, S. glaseri, H. indica and H. bacteriophora applied both at the same time and before reduced M. incognita egg production. The low rates of S. asiaticum, S. glaseri, H. indica and H. bacteriophora were not as effective as high application rates. The findings of this study suggested that entomopathogenic nematodes could be used for the management of root-knot nematodes.

Management of Meloidogyne incognita race 1 through the use of entomopathogenic nematodes in tomato.

A survey was carried out in five tehsils of District Sheikhupura for the assessment of guava decline. Maximum disease prevalence (100%) and disease incidence (36%) was recorded in Tehsil Sharaqpur. Samples of plant roots, shoots and soil were randomly collected for the isolation and identification of pathogens. Mean Colonization percentage of the Botryodiplodia theobromae Patouillard [Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Patouillard) Griffon and Maublanc] from 1987 tissues of 326 samples was counted to be (48.84%) maximum, followed by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. psidii (44.10%), Phytophthora parasitica (38.10%), F. solani (35.10%) Helminthosporium spp. (15.20%) and Curvularia lunata (11.20%). Aspergillus flavus and A. niger were also isolated from the samples but mostly from twigs. Isolated fungi were multiplied and purified on PDA. Most dominating isolated fungus (B. theobromae) was evaluated for pathogenicity. Management of the B. theobromae was done under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro efficacy of seven fungicides viz. carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, alliette, acrobat MZ 75/667WP, dithan M‒45 80% WP, mancozeb 80% WP and metalaxyl plus mancozeb 72% WP was evaluated against B. theobromae by poisoned food technique at different doses viz. recommended (R), 0.75R, 0.50 and 0.25R. All the employed doses of the test fungicides significantly reduced the biomass of the test fungal specie but recommended dose rate reduced more significantly. In field experiment, carbendazim was found to be more effective than other fungicides checked, in reducing the fungal infection in guava trees, suppressing the dieback and wilting with significant enhancement in vegetative growth of plants. © 2015 Friends Science Publishers

Asma Safdar

Papers

Effect of volatile compounds produced by Ralstonia solanacearum on plant growth promoting and systemic resistance inducing potential of Bacillus volatiles

Control of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) chitwood by cadusafos (Rugby®) on tomato.

The transcription factor VpCRZ1 is required for fruiting body formation and pathogenicity in Valsa pyri

Management of Meloidogyne incognita race 1 through the use of entomopathogenic nematodes in tomato.

Pathogenic association and management of Botryodiplodia theobromae in guava orchards at Sheikhupura District, Pakistan.