자연에서 얻어지는 고무질로서는 여러 가지 종류의 것이 많으나 한천, 알긴산염, 카라기난(Carrageenan), 퍼셀라란(furcellaran)등은 해조로부터 추출되며 Pectin, arabic gum, karaya gum, tragacanth gum, ghatti gum, guargum, 메뚜기콩고무(Locust been gum), 사이리엄고무(psyllium seed gum)등은 식물로부터 추출된다. 특히 이외에도 미생물에서 분비되는 고무질인 다당(多糖)으로는 dextran, curdlan, pullulau, 잔산고무(Xanthan gum)등도 최근에 알려진 고무질이다. 여기에서는 미생물이 생산하는 고무질인 다당(多糖)인 Xanthan gum이 새로히 식품첨가물로 지정되었기에 Xanthan gum의 발견내역, 성질, 생산과 응용면을 소개한다.

Xanthan gum의 생산과 응용

A holistic approach for melanoidin removal via Fe-impregnated activated carbon prepared from Mangifera indica leaves biomass

In India, the environment friendly and sustainable management of colored effluents emanating from alcohol-producing distilleries has become a serious environmental concern. The current study aimed to examine the efficiency of ligninolytic enzyme-producing bacterial strain isolated from ameliorated distillery sludge by enrichment method for its bioremediation and detoxification potential of biomethanated distillery effluent (BMDE). Out of nineteen bacterial isolates isolated from distillery sludge, one strain VKDS9, having higher ability towards the removal of effluent’s color, was identified as Bacillus albus by 16S rRNA analysis. The bacterium showed significant decolourization of effluent up to 83% with subsequent reduction of biochemical oxygen demand (3261 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (7870.5 mg/L), and other physico-chemical parameters including metallic and non-metallic elements in the presence of glucose (1% w/v) and peptone (0.5% w/v) at optimal temperature 37 °C, pH 8.0, and 180 rpm within 144 h. Further, biodegradation of effluent was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis that showed appearance/disappearance and reduction of several peaks. Moreover, GC–MS​ analysis of bacterial treated effluent displayed the disappearance of several chemical contaminants and formation of new metabolites which were formed as end products of biodegraded effluent. Furthermore, phytotoxicity of treated and untreated BMDE was evaluated using Cicer arientinum L. seeds revealed the biodetoxification of BMDE after treatment by B. albus strain VKDS9. This study concluded that B. albus strain VKDS9 can be used as an efficient biotechnological tool for remediation of distillery effluent for its harmless dumping into the environment towards sustainable development. • Novel ligninolytic enzyme producing Bacillus albus strain VKDS9 was isolated. • Significant pollutant load along with color removal was achieved by strain VKDS9. • Phytotoxicity​ assessment showed toxicity reduction in treated distillery effluent. • Strain VKDS9 can be used as a promising tool for remediation of distillery effluent. 

Bioremediation potential of newly isolated Bacillus albus strain VKDS9 for decolourisation and detoxification of biomethanated distillery effluent and its metabolites characterisation for environmental sustainability

Detection and characterization of refractory organic and inorganic pollutants discharged in biomethanated distillery effluent and their phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity assessment using Phaseolus aureus L. and Allium cepa L.

Xanthan is an important polysaccharide with many beneficial properties. Sulfated xanthan derivatives have anticoagulant and antithrombotic activity. This work proposes a new method for the synthesis of xanthan sulfates using sulfamic acid. Various N-substituted ureas have been investigated as process activators. It was found that urea has the greatest activating ability. BBD of xanthan sulfation process with sulfamic acid in 1,4-dioxane has been carried out. It was shown that the optimal conditions for the sulfation of xanthan (13.1 wt% sulfur content) are: the amount of sulfating complex per 1 g of xanthan is 3.5 mmol, temperature 90 °C, duration 2.3 h. Sulfated xanthan with the maximum sulfur content was analyzed by physicochemical methods. Thus, in the FTIR spectrum of xanthan sulfate, in comparison with the initial xanthanum, absorption bands appear at 1247 cm−1, which corresponds to the vibrations of the sulfate group. It was shown by GPC chromatography that the starting xanthan gum has a bimodal molecular weight distribution of particles, including a high molecular weight fraction with Mw > 1000 kDa and an LMW fraction with Mw < 600 kDa. It was found that the Mw of sulfated xanthan gum has a lower value (~612 kDa) in comparison with the original xanthan gum, and a narrower molecular weight distribution and is characterized by lower PD values. It was shown by thermal analysis that the main decomposition of xanthan sulfate, in contrast to the initial xanthan, occurs in two stages. The DTG curve has two pronounced peaks, with maxima at 226 and 286 °C.

Food Xanthan Polysaccharide Sulfation Process with Sulfamic Acid

Green synthesis of RGO/Ag: As evidence for the production of uniform mono-dispersed nanospheres using microfluidization

Melanoidins are dark brown recalcitrant pollutants found in the molasses-based distillery effluents. In this study, graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs) were successfully synthesized to remove melanoid...

Melanoidin removal from molasses wastewater using graphene oxide nanosheets

In this study, sulfated derivatives of xanthan gum (XG) were synthesized and then characterized using FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, GPC, DSC, TGA, SEM, HPLC, Zeta (ζ) potential and elemental analysis. The degrees of substitution (DS) was 0.51 (SXG-1) and 1.23 (SXG-2). From the NMR spectrum and methylation analysis by GC–MS, it was concluded that the sulfate groups had completely introduced into the C-6 hydroxyl groups. The native XG and SXGs were further evaluated for their anticoagulant, antithrombotic and cytotoxic activities. The results suggest that the SXG-2 could be used as a promising anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent for clinical applications.

Atrin Rahimpour Soleymani

Papers

Green synthesis of RGO/Ag: As evidence for the production of uniform mono-dispersed nanospheres using microfluidization

Melanoidin removal from molasses wastewater using graphene oxide nanosheets

Sulfated xanthan: synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation