Mobility management in vehicular networks is our case study is to provide internet connectivity without any interruption and with no packet loss, even in V2I (Vehicular to Infrastructure) or V2V (Vehicular to Vehicular) communications. Handover delay is one of critical parameters in QoS measurements in addition to packet loss, throughput and data transmission delay. In this paper, the idea of Smart Buffering is proposed to enhance HI-NEMO protocol. In this extension of NEMO, the combining cross-layer mechanism and resource allocation have been performed. It is used to reduce latency and packet loss during handovers with high performance in its proactive mode. However, it is noticed that packets loss exists in its reactive mode during the period of link down in small coverage cell radius of base station during vehicle movement. Smart Buffering mechanism mostly prevents packet loss by buffering lost candidate packets in Root FMA (Foreign Mobile Agent), forwarding and reordering it in new FMA. It also performs redundant packet removing in Root FMA. Mathematical analysis proves that Enhanced HI-NEMO protocol prevents packet loss during reactive handover and gives optimal throughput with supporting high velocity vehicles. Index Terms – Vehicular Networks, Network Mobility, NEMO BSP, Smart Buffering and HI-NEMO protocol.

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Mobility Management Scheme Based on Smart Buffering for Vehicular Networks

This paper is intended to contribute towards diverse solutions of developing current issues in WSN-IP mobility management. A survey of mobility protocols, proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force, and their corresponding derivations are presented. These protocols are classified based on host-based, net-based and NEMO. A qualitative comparison of protocols, in terms of macro-mobility, micro-mobility and hand-off approaches is provided. As WSNs are resource constrained, network-based mobility management schemes are more efficient for this network, because the network-based mobility decreases handoff latency and transmission cost by avoiding the participation of all nodes in mobility process separately.

A Survey on Mobility Management Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network-internet Protocol

Today, the communication between network devices are moved from wired networks to wireless networks due to its mobility. The communication devices can identified by its IP address. Using this IP address, the mobile devices can roam from one network to another network and roaming across multiple access points without reestablishing end to end connection. The address assignment for the devices can be either IPv4 or IPv6. Both the address assignment is the same with little research consideration in IPv6, because of its address size. There are various addressing and transition mechanisms are recycled to route the packets or data in the mobility world. This paper discloses an overview thought of the mobility environment and transition mechanisms in IPv4 and IPv6.

A Literature Survey on Transition Mechanisms in IPv4 and IPv6 Networks

Proposal of Route Optimization in PMIPv6 Enabled Nested Network to Support Power Critical Devices in Vehicular Network

In the big city like Bangkok, Bangkok Mass Transit System (BTS) or Skytrain is one of the most popular choices for commuting due to the traffic condition. Currently, BTS passengers use smartphone while traveling. Most users have to pay for the Internet data package subscription such as Long-term evolution (LTE). Passengers might experience signal degradation or lost. Most previous works are concentrated on improving the handover mechanism for train Intra-Radio Access Technology (Intra-RAT) by using location, speed, signal strength and distance. In this research, the multi-RAT handover decision mechanism with signal strength with WiFi priority has been proposed. By installing WiFi access point on each coach and all stations, the mobile router (MR) installed on the coach becomes the gateway to the Internet. The experimental results show that the proposed mechanism has lower inter-packet time, especially during the WiFi connection with small number of packet loss.

Multi-Radio Access Technology Handover Decision Mechanism for Nested Network Mobility on Bangkok Mass Transit Train

To reduce handoff latency (resulting in packet losses) and packet transfer delay (due to triangular routing) in NEMO Basic Support Protocol (NBSP), we propose Fast and Route Optimized NEMO (FRONEMO), which brings in the concept of IP pre-fetching and advance-registration to acquire care-of-address for the anticipated future cells. Also, FRONEMO uses the prefix delegation technique in route optimization with minimal control packet overhead. Analytical comparisons between FRONEMO and NBSP reveal that FRONEMO can support higher vehicle speed and still has significantly low handoff latency, lower packet loss, and higher throughput.

Fast and Route Optimized NEMO (FRONEMO): A proposal to improve handoff performance in network mobility

Designing an efficient micro-mobility scheme for network mobility (NEMO) is an important issue. The Micro-NEMO is a well known protocol for micro mobility in NEMO. It has significantly lower signaling overhead and handoff latency. But, it suffers from single point failure problem. In this paper, we propose micro-NEMO++, an extension of micro-NEMO protocol, to eliminate the single point failure problem. The micro-NEMO++ has similar cost of deployment as in micro-NEMO. The numerical results indicate that micro-NEMO++ has low signaling overhead and achieves low average handoff latency when compared with NEMO basic support protocol and micro-NEMO protocol.

Micro-NEMO++: An efficient micro-mobility protocol for network mobility

Protocols for managing network mobility (NEMO) should reduce handoff latency significantly to provide uninterrupted Internet connectivity. Since the path of a high-speed vehicle is predefined in most cases, it could be beneficial for a NEMO protocol to pre-fetch care-of-addresses of the potential future cells. However, the current NEMO protocols either do not use pre-fetching or use it for at most one cell. While investigating this behavior of the NEMO protocols analytically, we find that pre-fetching beyond the next one cell does not necessarily improve the handoff performance even though the future route of the vehicle could be known beforehand.

Why NEMO protocols do not pre-fetch more than one CoA?

For fast handoff protocol to succeed in nested NEMO, acquisition of new care-of-address, and exchange of signaling packets for handoff must be done with minimum delay. New care-of-address can be obtained using anticipation but signaling packets must also pass through minimum number of tunnels. These challenges creates far more complex scenario than a simple NEMO and node mobility. In this paper, we propose Fast Handoff with End-to-end Route Optimization (FHE2ERO) protocol for nested mobility that meets these requirements. FHE2ERO improves previous work on route optimization by combining the handoff and route optimization process and performing L2 and the L3 handoff in parallel, thereby, significantly reducing the number of signaling packets and hence the handoff delay. Numerical analysis shows that FHE2ERO reduces both handoff delay and packet loss duration and achieves zero packet loss during successful anticipation.

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An Efficient Fast Handoff and Route Optimization Protocol for the Nested Mobile Networks

There has been significant work on solving Travelling Salesman Problem and its variants using heuristic approach as the algorithms for finding exact solutions are computationally hard. Among the heuristics, genetic algorithms have shown promising result in terms simplicity in implementation and computational complexity. In this paper, we propose Combined Genetic Algorithm that uses partially mapped crossover and exchange mutation to progressively eliminate the weaker solution. Computational performance in our setting has shown quadratic time complexity.

https://www.ijarcs.info/index.php/Ijarcs/article/download/3517/3465

Avik Mitra

Papers

Fast and Route Optimized NEMO (FRONEMO): A proposal to improve handoff performance in network mobility

Micro-NEMO++: An efficient micro-mobility protocol for network mobility

Why NEMO protocols do not pre-fetch more than one CoA?

An Efficient Fast Handoff and Route Optimization Protocol for the Nested Mobile Networks

A Combined Genetic Algorithm for Symmetric Travelling Salesman Problem