The zoogeographic analysis is based on 240 species of 13 taxa, mainly the many new records from the ‘Lund University Chile Expedition 1948-49’. The purpose has been to find out whether or not the new data confirm earlier conceptions of zoogeographic regions and borders in Chilean waters. The climatic conditions at the shore and the hydrography are described. The Chilean archipelago differs from the area north thereof both in topography, climate, and hydrography. The direction and extension of the currents and the small differences in salinity and also in temperature along the shore favour a wide distribution. Except for brackish-water areas in the archipelago the salinity is high. The sea off Chile is colder than at the same latitudes in other oceans, except for southern Chile, where the sea is a little warmer than normal. The local annual range in temperature is small. The vertical and horizontal distributions of the species are illustrated in tables and maps. There are few wide-spread and endemic specie...

Ecological and regional zoogeography of the marine benthic fauna of Chile: Report no. 49 of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948–49

The extraordinarily wide distributional ranges of aquatic flowering plants have long stimulated phytogeographical discussion. Although aquatic plants occur rarely among the angiosperms, they represent a disproportionately large number of taxa with broad distributions including various intercontinental disjunctions that are manifest even at the species level. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, long‐range dispersal by waterfowl was the prevailing explanation for widespread aquatic plant distributions. This explanation gradually fell into disfavor as biologists raised doubts as to the ability of waterfowl to transport propagules across the extensive transoceanic distances between the continents on which an assortment of aquatic taxa now reside. During the twentieth century, the development of biogeographical displacement theory, i.e., “continental drift,” steadily began to supplant dispersal as the preferred explanation for discontinuous angiosperm distributions. Our study assesses the ...

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Biogeography of discontinuously distributed hydrophytes: a molecular appraisal of intercontinental disjunctions

The Pleistocene, and possibly also other, older glaciations, are believed to have resulted from a combination of terrestrial and astronomical factors. Preceding glaciation, orogenesis and uplift increased the Earth's albedo and decreased temperature. Lowering of temperature below a certain threshold value permitted the astronomical cause to become operative. While smaller glaciations may have been largely or entirely patterned by the astronomical cause or causes, terrestrial factors had an important effect in determining the course of the larger glaciations. Two time-delay factors are believed to have been responsible for the oscillatory pattern of glaciation: these are plastic iceflow, and crustal warping.

On glaciations and their causes

. The division of Norwegian land forms into two groups of different character—paleic (= old) and young—was introduced by REUSCH (1901). Earlier papers—shortly reviewed—dealing with the paleic surface are mainly concerned with tracing and reconstruction of old land surfaces, regarded partly to be mature, but mostly to be peneplains formed in one, two, or more cycles of base levelling. The present paper calls attention to the fact that common forms of Norway's paleic surface are hills, basins connected by passes, and forms which may be regarded as modifications of these, like single hills and isolated hill groups, upland plains, valley-like depressions, etc. Deep weathering may have contributed to the development of hills and depressions (as suggested by REUSCH 1903b), but characteristic features of the hill-basin slope profiles indicate that also subaerial slope processes, like surface weathering and areal transport, have been of importance. Certain ‘levels’ or a step-like arrangement of the paleic...

Norway's Paleic Surface

The ability of water freezing in cracks to split rocks is in doubt, mainly because the conditions required of water only (with no air in pores nor dissolved in water) confined in a closed system, with temperature close to -22?C and falling, and with enclosing rock strong enough to resist are rarely if ever satisfied in nature. The word "frost" has long been used in this context historically yet often too casually without confirming data or clear statement of real meaning. Experiments support the process of water freezing into ice in previously formed joints, bedding planes, and other planes of weakness capable of prying loose grains and small flakes, but not of detaching or lifting blocks nor of cracking solid rock.

Is frost action really only hydration shattering? a review

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Norman J. G. Pounds: Europe and the Medilerranean. 18X24 cm, 437 s., 246 111. Mc. Graw-Hill Book Comp. New York-London 1953.

Scheffers-Strubecker: Wie findet und zeichnet man Gradnetze von Land- und Sternkarten? B. G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1956. 19 X 12 cm, 114 s., 30 flg. 12 tavler.

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Karl Haushofer: Grenzen, in ihrer geographischen und politischen Bedeutung. 279 S., 18X25 cm, 89 Kortskitser. Schriften zur Wehrgeopolitik I. Kurt Vowinckel Verlag. Berlin 1939. Pris Rm. 12,50.

André Guilcher: Morphologie.littorale et sous-marine. Presses universitaires de France. 210 s. 40 fig. 8 pi. Paris 1954. 1000 fr.

The peninsula of Djursland on the east coast of Jutland in the centre of Denmark proper has been analysed in relation to shoreline development. All stages of simplification are represented, ranging from initial moraine coasts to totally simplified equilibrium forms.

Axel Schou.

Papers

Norman J. G. Pounds: Europe and the Medilerranean. 18X24 cm, 437 s., 246 111. Mc. Graw-Hill Book Comp. New York-London 1953.

Scheffers-Strubecker: Wie findet und zeichnet man Gradnetze von Land- und Sternkarten? B. G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1956. 19 X 12 cm, 114 s., 30 flg. 12 tavler.

Karl Haushofer: Grenzen, in ihrer geographischen und politischen Bedeutung. 279 S., 18X25 cm, 89 Kortskitser. Schriften zur Wehrgeopolitik I. Kurt Vowinckel Verlag. Berlin 1939. Pris Rm. 12,50.

André Guilcher: Morphologie.littorale et sous-marine. Presses universitaires de France. 210 s. 40 fig. 8 pi. Paris 1954. 1000 fr.

The Coastline of Djursland: A Study in East Danish Shoreline Development