Background and Methods Clinical observations have suggested that the number of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma has increased in the United States. We analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data base to determine the age-adjusted incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma from 1976 to 1995, data from the U.S. vital-statistics data base to determine age-adjusted mortality rates from 1981 to 1995, and data from the Department of Veterans Affairs to determine age-adjusted rates of hospitalization for the disease from 1983 to 1997. Results The incidence of histologically proved hepatocellular carcinoma increased from 1.4 per 100,000 population (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 1.4) for the period from 1976 to 1980 to 2.4 per 100,000 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.3 to 2.4) for the period from 1991 to 1995. Among black men, the incidence was 6.1 per 100,000 for the period from 1991 to 1995, and among white men, it was 2.8 per 100,000. There was a 41 percent increase in ...

Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide and a potential cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in the future. The complexity and uncertainty related to the geographic distribution of HCV infection and chronic hepatitis C, determination of its associated risk factors, and evaluation of cofactors that accelerate its progression, underscore the difficulties in global prevention and control of HCV. Because there is no vaccine and no post-exposure prophylaxis for HCV, the focus of primary prevention efforts should be safer blood supply in the developing world, safe injection practices in health care and other settings, and decreasing the number of people who initiate injection drug use.

https://courses.washington.edu/conj504/readings/alter_reading3.pdf

Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection

Primary liver cancer: Worldwide incidence and trends

Cancer burden in the year 2000. The global picture.

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Pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung , pleura, thymus and heart

A trend in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japan was studied from the data of the Osaka Cancer Registry (population, 8,512,351 in 1981) for the period of 1963-1983, the Vital Statistics of Japan, Ministry of Health and Welfare, and the Japan Autopsy Registry which contained 594,132 individually filed cases in the 26-year period from 1958 to 1983. Both cancer registry data and autopsy records showed a more than 2-fold increase in HCC incidence, particularly in the last 10 years or so, among males and a less pronounced increase in females. The same trend was borne out by the cancer registries of Nagasaki City and Miyagi Prefecture and the Vital Statistics. When studied with the autopsy data, it was found that the numbers of autopsies for cirrhosis without HCC and autopsies for HCC (with and without cirrhosis) were about the same in 1958-1961 and that currently (1980-1983) the latter is about 2 times the former. As one of the possible causes of increase in HCC incidence other than prolonged survival of patients with cirrhosis, chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis is discussed.

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/47/18/4967.full.pdf

Changing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan.

Cancer incidence in Japan in 1990: estimates based on data from Population-based Cancer Registries. The Research Group for Population-based Cancer Registration in Japan.

This study was conducted to examine the incidence rates and cumulative risks of second primary cancers in Osaka and to compare the observed number of second primary cancers with the expected number calculated using cancer incidence rates among Osaka residents. Study subjects were all reported cases aged 0–79 who were first diagnosed as having a first primary cancer between 1966–86. Incidence of second primary cancer among the study subjects was examined through to the end of 1989. The total number of study subjects was 217,307. During the follow-up period (mean duration: 3.7 years), second primary cancers developed in 5,071 patients (2.3%). Incidence of synchronous (interval <3 months) and metachronous (interval ≥ 3 months) second primary cancers increased in the later years. Incidence rates of second primary cancers were significantly associated with gender (male), age and calendar year at diagnosis of the first cancer. Based on the incidence rates, cumulative risk of developing metachronous second primary cancer was calculated. The ten-year cumulative risk was estimated as 10% for those who developed their first cancer during their sixties in 1978–83. The observed number of second primary cancers (including synchronous) was compared with the expected number. The ratios of observed-to-expected numbers were generally lower than 1.0 among those who developed their first cancer in 1966–77, while these ratios were higher than 1.0 among those who developed their first cancer in 1978–86. The ratios were much higher than 1.0 among those who developed their first cancer in their childhood and youth. Patients who had developed cancer of the colon, larynx, lung, bladder, or breast (female) showed significantly higher risk of developing second primary cancer during the period 1–4 years after diagnosis of the first cancer.

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Incidence of Second Primary Cancers in Osaka Residents, Japan, with Special Reference to Cumulative and Relative Risks

Using the data accumulated in the Osaka Cancer Registry, a cohort study was conducted on the occurrence of second primary cancers following the first breast cancer in females. Of the 9,503 breast cancer patients newly diagnosed in the period 1965-1982 who were followed up until the end of 1983 (average follow-up period, 5.7 years), 344 developed second cancers, whereas the expected number had been 211 (relative risk (RR) = 1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-1.8). The increased risk was observed throughout the observation period, and was higher in patients of less than 45 years of age at diagnosis than in older women. Significant excess risks were found for second cancers of the opposite breast (RR = 4.2; 95% CI = 3.4-5.2), buccal cavity (RR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.6-7.2), stomach (RR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.2-1.8), colon (RR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.1-2.1) and thyroid gland (RR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.5-6.1). The effects of chemo- and radiotherapy administered for initial breast cancer on the increased risk of the above mentioned second cancers were also examined. These therapeutic measures were found not likely to be related to the excess risks for cancers of the buccal cavity, stomach and colon. For second cancer of the opposite breast, however, both chemotherapy and radiotherapy remained as possible risk factors. The effect of radiation was proposed as being a likely explanation for the excess risk of second thyroid cancer.

Aya Hanai

Papers

Changing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan.

Cancer incidence in Japan in 1990: estimates based on data from Population-based Cancer Registries. The Research Group for Population-based Cancer Registration in Japan.

Incidence of Second Primary Cancers in Osaka Residents, Japan, with Special Reference to Cumulative and Relative Risks

Second primary cancers following female breast cancer in Osaka, Japan--a population-based cohort study.

Cancer incidence in japan