2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Consumer behaviour i

The purpose of Plott and Zeiler (2005)—henceforth, PZ—was to investigate whether previously published experiments using consumption goods such as mugs and candy bars to measure gaps between willingness to pay (WTP) and willingnessto-accept (WTA) support endowment effect theory (EET). Our results demonstrate that the gap for commodities can be turned on and off by implementing procedures designed to control for subject misconceptions about the value elicitation procedures. Following experiments traditionally used to demonstrate the endowment effect, we used mug valuations to test EET. We used lottery rounds only to provide our subjects with paid practice using the value elicitation device prior to employing that device to elicit subjects’ mug valuations. In a footnote, we report evidence of contamination in the lottery data that rendered it inappropriate for our purposes (PZ 2005, fn. 15). Our footnote summarized the details of misconceptions reported in a data supplement provided to all who request our lottery data. The supplement was not referenced in our paper, so we make it available as an online Appendix to our Reply. 1 Andrea Isoni, Graham Loomes, and Robert Sugden (2011)—henceforth, ILS—use experimental procedures similar to ours and observe, just as we did, no gap in mug valuations. ILS claim that our 2005 paper is misleading and has misled researchers. They are concerned that our paper produces, and has been interpreted as producing, a set of procedures sufficient to remove all gaps, including gaps in lotteries. To justify their concern they focus on the wording of our abstract and overlook the context of paragraphs from which they quote sentences to support their thesis. The result is what we consider to be a misleading picture of the content of our paper and the facts that we report, namely that mug gaps disappear after we implement controls for misconceptions and that none of our data provides support for EET. We want to emphasize that our focus was on EET and not on more general theories of prefer ence formation, reference effects and decision processes that have emerged in the literature more recently and might explain our results. 2 In Section I, we demonstrate

The Willingness to Pay-Willingness to Accept Gap, the "Endowment Effect," Subject Misconceptions, and Experimental Procedures for Eliciting Valuations

The presence of hypothetical bias (HB) associated with stated preference methods has garnered frequent attention in the broad literature trying to describe and understand human behavior, often seen in environmental valuation, marketing studies, transportation choices, medical research, and others. This study presents an updated meta-analysis to explore the source of HB and methods to mitigate it. While previous meta-analysis on this topic often involves a few dozen articles, this analysis includes 131 studies after reviewing over 500 published and unpublished articles. This enables the inclusion of several important factors that have not been investigated before. These include relatively recent willingness to pay elicitation methods such as choice experiments and the Turnbull lower bound estimator. Newly emerged HB reduction techniques such as consequentiality and certainty follow-up treatments are also included. For explanatory variables that have been examined in previous studies, this analysis does not always report consistent findings. In particular, holding everything constant and contrary to commonly-held beliefs, the method of auction does not offer much reduction to HB compared to more conventional methods such as a referendum vote. However, choice experiment, cheap talk, consequentiality and certainty follow-up all significantly contributed to explaining and mitigating the magnitude of HB. These results help practitioners to understand HB’s presence and choose appropriate methods for amelioration. The framework established through this study also enables future analyses targeted at understanding variations built upon one or multiple HB mitigation techniques.

Understanding Hypothetical Bias: An Enhanced Meta-Analysis

https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/27429/1/1-s2.0-S0301479716305709-main.pdf

A systematic review of the reliability and validity of discrete choice experiments in valuing non-market environmental goods

Due to the importance of comparability and external validity of results, nonhypothetical experimental methods are increasingly used to elicit consumers' willingness to pay for various goods. Two of the increasingly popular preference elicitation methods are the nonhypothetical choice experiments and experimental auctions. We conduct experiments to compare willingness to pay estimates elicited from both methods. Our results generally suggest that valuations elicited from experimental auctions can differ from those obtained from nonhypothetical choice experiments. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.

Are Valuations from Nonhypothetical Choice Experiments Different from Those of Experimental Auctions

The main objective of organic agriculture is to produce healthy and quality food products without using synthetic chemical products in response to consumers’ concerns about food safety, human health, animal welfare and the environment. The EU’s promotion of organic agriculture constitutes an important alternative for society and for the more marginal agricultural regions in southern Europe. First, organic agriculture provides consumers some products with higher nutritional value that are free of chemical agents. Second, it improves public health, and it brings significant benefits both to the economy as well as to the social cohesion of rural areas. Organic label is a quality signal for the consumers and an important tool to help them to identify organic products. Yiridoe et al. (2005) stated that product labels can help buyers to assess product quality by transforming credence characteristics into search attributes. On 1 July 2010, the European Union introduced a new organic logo in order to increase the transparency and confidence in organic food products for consumers. The difference from the first logo, introduced in the 1990s, is its compulsory basis (EU n. 271/2010 of 24 March 2010) for those products in which at least 95% of the agricultural ingredients are organics. According to the European Union, the application of the new logo and labeling will lead to a much greater visibility of organic foods in the market and increase the trust among European citizens, who will be not only more informed but also more willing to purchase these products (Council Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007 of 28 June 2007). Therefore, understanding the reason why consumers choose to buy organic products and investigating whether they pay attention to organic labeling when shopping are necessary in order to induce new individuals to buy organic food products and to increase the level of consumption among existing consumers. The aim of our chapter is to analyze whether Italian consumers pay attention to organic labeling when shopping, and whether they are also affected by other psychological variables to make purchase decisions. We carried out a study on the intention to purchase organic food products, proposing a model of organic consumption which has been developed on the Theory of Planned Behavior by Ajzen (1991), which extends it with a new variable related to consumers‘ attention to organic label which has not been yet analyzed in Italy. To achieve this goal, a survey was conducted with 380 food shoppers during NovemberDecember 2008 in Italy, and three-equation multivariate probit model is fitted, where

/pdf/do-consumers-pay-attention-to-the-organic-label-when-4nza597y5h.pdf

Do Consumers Pay Attention to the Organic Label When Shopping Organic Food in Italy

The aim of the paper is to assess consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for a local food produced in a less-favoured area in the Aragon region (Spain). In particular, we examine whether consumers value lamb meat products (lamb and suckling lamb) labelled as “Ojinegra from Teruel”, traditionally produced in these area. We use a nonhypothetical experimental auction to elicit Spanish consumers’ WTP for “Ojinegra from Teruel” labelled lamb products. Results show that consumers are willing to pay a positive premium for a lamb and suckling lamb labelled as “Ojinegra from Teruel”.

Azucena Gracia

Papers

Are Valuations from Nonhypothetical Choice Experiments Different from Those of Experimental Auctions

Do Consumers Pay Attention to the Organic Label When Shopping Organic Food in Italy

Willingness to pay for a local lamb meat label in Spain