‘Anarchy is one of the most vague and ambiguous words in language.’ George Coreewall Lewis, 1832.In much current theorizing, anarchy has once again been declared to be the fundamental assumption about international politics. Over the last decade, numerous scholars, especially those in the neo-realist tradition, have posited anarchy as the single most important characteristic underlying international relations. This article explores implications of such an assumption. In doing so, it reopens older debates about the nature of international politics. First, I examine various concepts of ‘anarchy’ employed in the international relations literature. Second, I probe the sharp dichotomy between domestic and international politics that is associated with this assumption. As others have, I question the validity and utility of such a dichotomy. Finally, this article suggests that a more fruitful way to understand the international system is one that combines anarchy and interdependence.

http://www.jonathanmpowell.com/uploads/2/9/9/2/2992308/milner_1991.pdf

The assumption of anarchy in international relations theory: a critique*

How can states credibly make and keep agreements when they are uncertain about the distributional implications of their cooperation? They can do so by incorporating the proper degree of flexibility into their agreements. I develop a formal model in which an agreement characterized by uncertainty may be renegotiated to incorporate new information. The uncertainty is related to the division of gains under the agreement, with the parties resolving this uncertainty over time as they gain experience with the agreement. The greater the agreement uncertainty, the more likely states will want to limit the duration of the agreement and incorporate renegotiation. Working against renegotiation is noise—that is, variation in outcomes not resulting from the agreement. The greater the noise, the more difficult it is to learn how an agreement is actually working; hence, incorporating limited duration and renegotiation provisions becomes less valuable. In a detailed case study, I demonstrate that the form of uncertainty in my model corresponds to that experienced by the parties to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, who adopted the solution my model predicts.

Loosening the ties that bind: A learning model of agreement flexibility

Since the discovery of helium in 1868, it has found numerous applications in industry and medicine. Its low density makes helium potentially valuable in respiratory care applications, to reduce work of breathing, improve distribution of ventilation, reduce minute volume requirement, and improve aerosol delivery. This review includes a brief history of the use of heliox (a mixture of helium and oxygen) and addresses issues related to the physics of gas flow when heliox is used. Specifically covered are the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, laminar versus turbulent flow, the Reynolds number, orifice flow, Bernoulli's principle, Graham's law, wave speed, and thermal conductivity.

http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/respcare/51/6/608.full.pdf

The History and Physics of Heliox

Tuol Sleng and Choeung Ek are the two principal memorials to the victims of the Cambodian genocide (1975-79). This article analyzes their effectiveness as vehicles for commemoration. Since both memorials borrow elements from the more familiar model of Euro-American Holocaust memorials, their examination adds to a larger discussion about the political uses of genocide memorials, and their ability to facilitate national reconciliation. The unforgiving, visceral nature of Tuol Sleng and Choeung Ek makes them an uneasy experience for the international tourists who visit. For the Cambodian people, these memorials play an uncertain political role, given that little in the way of formal justice or a public culture of remembrance has been achieved so far.

Witnessing Genocide: Vigilance and Remembrance at Tuol Sleng and Choeung Ek

Abbreviations Introduction: The Rhetorical Presidency and United States Propaganda in the 20th Century The Period of Propaganda and News The Truman Administration's Legalization of Peacetime Propaganda The Journalistic Paradigm: United States Domestic and International Propaganda, 1947-1949 The Period of Militarization Creating a Militarized Propaganda Structure Through the CIA, the PSB, and the Campaign of Truth Militarized Propaganda and the Campaign of Truth, 1950-1952 The Period of Institutionalization and Psychological Strategy McCarthyism and the Rise and Fall of Congressional Involvement in Propaganda Operations Propaganda as a Presidential Tool in the Eisenhower White House The Rhetorical Presidency and the Eisenhower Administration, 1953-1955 Conclusion: Expanding the Rhetorical Presidency Bibliography

B. Franklin Cooling

Papers

The Cold War as History.

Documents on Disarmament 1967.

Paullin's History of Naval Administration, 1775-1911: A Collection of Articles from the U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings

The American Study of International Relations.

Flying Corps Headquarters, 1914-1918