Self-Directed Learning, A Guide for Learners and Teachers

В статье дана оценка перспектив развития интеграционных процессов науки и образования в российских вузах.

Стратегия интеграционных процессов в сфере науки и образования

Strategy and Structure

This is the advice of a committee of leading American experts, chaired by Harvey Fineberg from the Harvard School of Public Health. It represents the fifth report in a series, commissioned by the US National Research Council, that considers how society can understand and cope with decisions about risks. The Committee's remit was to provide advice on risk characterisation, defined by the Research Council as the translation of `the information in a risk assessment ... into a form usable by a risk manager, individual decision maker, or the public'. In this book, the Committee has responded to the challenge clearly and authoritatively, beginning with a profound re-definition of `risk characterisation' that forms the basis for all that follows. In the view of the Committee, risk characterisation is a process. It is a process which starts before quantitative analysis of the risks, because it includes defining what risks to assess, and how most appropriately to assess them. It is an iterative process, in which assumptions are challenged and re-worked, and new information may be incorporated. It is a process in which qualitative judgements contribute to the fuller understanding of the problem; where quantitative scientific estimates, although important, contribute only a part. Most fundamentally, it is a process which, in a democratic society, needs to involve all those affected by the perceived problem and consequent decision. In the words of the Committee: `Experience shows that analyses, no matter how thorough, that do not address the decision-relevant questions, use reasonable assumptions, and meaningfully include the key affected parties can result in huge expenses and long delays and jeopardise the quality of understanding and the acceptability of the final decisions.' In other words, until or unless we expand our understanding of risk characterisation to include the process of defining the assessment itself, we are unlikely to make progress in gaining public acceptance for major decisions on health or environmental issues. For those without sufficient time to read the book, the ten-page summary provides a succinct overview of the Committee's advice, complete with bullet points and emboldened key phrases. However, the main body of the book (and particularly Appendix A, which discusses a number of case studies) is well worth scanning for its well-reasoned and well-structured discussion of the issues and the suggested way forward. Nor is the Committee lost in an `academic ivory tower'. It recognises that involvement of all those with vested interests cannot ensure a rapid or consensus solution or preclude some groups `dropping out' and choosing the route of litigation. It also recognises that allowing a `voice' for a wide range of interest groups can be time consuming and difficult to manage. However, the Committee argues: `While we are sensitive to concerns about cost and delay, we note that huge costs and delays have sometimes resulted when a risk situation was inadequately diagnosed, a problem misformulated, key interested and affected parties did not participate, or analysis proceeded unintegrated with deliberation. We believe that following [our] principles can reduce delays and costs as much as or more than it increases them.' So what are the Committee's principles? Getting the science right - any quantitative science that is undertaken must be of the highest standards. Getting the right science - this ensures that all the relevant risks are considered. Getting the right participation - this ensures that all those affected have a `voice' in the process. Getting the participation right - this ensures that the process is responsive to the needs of all the participants. Developing an accurate, balanced and informative synthesis - this should include a balanced understanding of the uncertainties in current knowledge, encompassing ignorance and indeterminacy as well as more quantifiable uncertainties. Again, in the words of the Committee: `These criteria are related. To be decision-relevant, risk characterisation must be accurate, balanced and informative. This requires getting the science right and getting the right science. Participation helps ask the right questions of the science, check the plausibility of assumptions, and ensure that any synthesis is both balanced and informative.' In order to set up an appropriate risk characterisation process, the Committee recommends that those responsible for it should `begin by developing a provisional diagnosis of the decision situation' in order to identify potential participants, allocate resources and structure the process. However, in doing so, they should `treat the diagnosis as tentative and remain open to change, always keeping in mind that their goal is a process that leads to a useful and credible risk characterization'. The Committee also stresses the need for those responsible for the process to `develop the capability to cope with attempts by some interested and affected parties to delay decision, and to develop a range of strategies for reaching closure'. This is likely to require the development of new skills and may require organisational changes `to improve communication across sub-units and to allow for the flexibility and judgement necessary to match the process to decision'. This balanced, reasoned and authoritative book is, in my opinion, a `must for all those involved in informing societal decision on risks.

Understanding Risk - Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society

Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method.

Subject of Research. The paper presents the study of a graphite-epoxy composite plate strain detection possibility by the fiber-optic acoustic emission sensor mounted on its surface. Method. The proposed method consisted in additional lowfrequency phase-generated carrier implementation in the impulse Fabry-Perot interferometer and its amplitude evaluation. The phase-generated carrier amplitude depends on the interferometer optical path difference, therefore, its value change can be used for the studied composite strain estimation. VCSEL with a wavelength of 1550 nm was used as a light source. The phase carrier was generated by current modulation of the light source that caused center wavelength shift of the VCSEL. Main Results. The low-frequency phase-generated carrier signal amplitude dependence on the interferometer optical path difference and wavelength shift of the light source were obtained. According to simulation results the sensitivity of the proposed method is 1.6 urad×ppm, 5.3 urad×ppm and 13.3 urad×ppm at different values of the coefficient Kd 30, 100 and 250 pm, respectively. Experimental study of the proposed method and results analysis were performed. According to experimental results, the accuracy of the proposed method was about 110% that corresponds to the sensor relative stretch of 10 e, while the accuracy of the market available fiber optic systems based on fiber Bragg grating sensors equals to 4 ppm. Practical Relevance. The proposed method can be used for strain detection of the graphite-epoxy composite constructions along with its acoustic emission control by one fiber-optic sensor.

http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-vremennyh-parametrov-transmitralnogo-diastolicheskogo-potoka-pri-serdechno-sosudistoy-patologii.pdf

Особенности временных параметров трансмитрального диастолического потока при сердечно-сосудистой патологии

The aim of this study was to analyse genetic (polymorphism 4a/4b gene NOS3), biochemical (endothelin-1) and functional (endothelial function coefficient) markers of a condition of vascular endothelium in patients (n = 65) with chronic heart failure (CHF) with  mid-range ejection fraction (40–49%), depending of the stage of the disease and identify the presence of associations between the  analyzed markers. Somatically healthy people (n = 65) were examined as a control group. A decrease in the value of the endothelial  function coefficient and an increase in the production of endothelin-1 in all groups of patients compared with somatically healthy  people were revealed. The severity of these changes was greater in groups of patients with more severe stage of the disease. The  analysis of polymorphism 4a/4b gene NOS3 in patients with CHF revealed a statistically significant predominance of the number of  patients with a more severe stage of the disease among of patients with polymorphism 4a/4b. Patients with polymorphism 4a/4b  had a statistically significant lower value of the endothelial function coefficient and a higher level of endothelin-1 compared  patients with polymorphism 4b/4b. Thus, polymorphism 4a/4b is characterized by a deeper lesion of the vascular endothelium in  patients with CHF with mid-range ejection fraction and the development of more severe stages of the disease. The obtained data  can be used in the aspect of personalized medicine.

https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/download/2993/2922

Ассоциация генетических, биохимических и функциональных маркеров состояния сосудистого эндотелия при хронической сердечной недостаточности с промежуточной фракцией выброса

Б. И. Кантемирова

Papers

Особенности временных параметров трансмитрального диастолического потока при сердечно-сосудистой патологии

Взаимосвязи уровня фракталкина и показателей эхокардиоскопии при артериальной гипертензии, стенокардии напряжения и их сочетании