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Art of electronics

A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=electricalengineeringfacpub

A Survey on Smart Grid CommunicationInfrastructures: Motivations, Requirements andChallenges

https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/preview/871355/IoT5m.pdf

5G Internet of Things: A survey

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising technology which tends to revolutionize and connect the global world via heterogeneous smart devices through seamless connectivity. The current demand for machine-type communications (MTC) has resulted in a variety of communication technologies with diverse service requirements to achieve the modern IoT vision. More recent cellular standards like long-term evolution (LTE) have been introduced for mobile devices but are not well suited for low-power and low data rate devices such as the IoT devices. To address this, there is a number of emerging IoT standards. Fifth generation (5G) mobile network, in particular, aims to address the limitations of previous cellular standards and be a potential key enabler for future IoT. In this paper, the state-of-the-art of the IoT application requirements along with their associated communication technologies are surveyed. In addition, the third generation partnership project cellular-based low-power wide area solutions to support and enable the new service requirements for Massive to Critical IoT use cases are discussed in detail, including extended coverage global system for mobile communications for the Internet of Things, enhanced machine-type communications, and narrowband-Internet of Things. Furthermore, 5G new radio enhancements for new service requirements and enabling technologies for the IoT are introduced. This paper presents a comprehensive review related to emerging and enabling technologies with main focus on 5G mobile networks that is envisaged to support the exponential traffic growth for enabling the IoT. The challenges and open research directions pertinent to the deployment of massive to critical IoT applications are also presented in coming up with an efficient context-aware congestion control mechanism.

A Survey on 5G Networks for the Internet of Things: Communication Technologies and Challenges

Impulse radio ultrawideband ranging has recently received significant attention due to the high accuracy it can achieve. Although most research efforts have focused on ranging in indoor and outdoor environments, other environments such as harsh industrial environments introduce unique challenges. This paper discusses the impact of propagation characteristics of harsh industrial environments on ranging accuracy, and also discusses principles and challenges of non-line-of-sight identification in industrial scenarios. To illustrate these challenges, a measurement campaign using 802.15.4a radios was conducted in a Heavy Machines Laboratory. The results show that the non-line-of-sight condition can be accurately identified if adequate models for such an environment are used.

IR-UWB-Based Non-Line-of-Sight Identification in Harsh Environments: Principles and Challenges

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) are a category of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with buried nodes, which communicate wirelessly through soil with sensor nodes located aboveground. As the communication medium (i.e., soil) between traditional over-the-air WSNs and WUSNs differs, communication characteristics have to be fully characterized for WUSNs, specifically to enable development of efficient communication protocols. Characterization of link quality is a fundamental building block for various communication protocols. The aim of this paper is to experimentally investigate the link quality characteristics of the three communication channels available in WUSNs for underground pipeline monitoring to gain further insight into protocol development for WUSNs. To this end, received signal strength (RSS), link quality indicator (LQI), and packet reception ratio (PRR) are characterized for the three communication channels in WUSNs. The RSS and PRR results show that the underground-to-underground channel is highly symmetric and temporally stable, but its range is severely limited, and that the aboveground-to-underground/underground-to-underground channels are asymmetric and exhibit similar temporal properties to over-the-air communication channels. Interestingly, the results show that RSS is a better indicator of PRR than LQI for all three channels under consideration.

/pdf/experimental-link-quality-characterization-of-wireless-2y6h561e46.pdf

Experimental Link Quality Characterization of Wireless Sensor Networks for Underground Monitoring

Recent developments in wireless sensor networks have inspired applications which require high accuracy localization. Impulse radio ultra wide-band technology has a fine time resolution, allowing accurate determination of the time of arrival at the receiver, making it a serious contender for accurate ranging, in comparison to narrow-band technologies. In this paper, we present a UWB based 3D real-time indoor positioning system with 802.15.4a compliant wireless nodes. Results from measurement campaigns reveal that for line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios 11 cm accuracy and 2 cm precision without any postprocessing (i.e. filtering) are possible, hence demonstrating the capability of accurate UWB-based localization using trilateration, resulting in a fast and non-complex algorithm that provides highprecision positioning. The proposed system presents an initial step in developing a high precision system for localization in industrial applications.

Experimental study of UWB-based high precision localization for industrial applications

Industry operators and plant designers are constantly seeking economic methods to improve plant output, maximize process efficiency and reduce system downtime. This is typically facilitated through industrial automation and control in an industrial network. The industrial network typically consists of a closed network of specialized controllers and sensors with the singular purpose of automation and process control. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) networking can potentially be integrated into the industrial network to expand on the benefits of industrial networking through the access and distribution of additional information. By networking the individual process controllers as well as other relevant sensors and machines a wealth of information can be generated to better model, control and manage the plant. A host of technologies are available to facilitate M2M based on the specific applications and system requirements, allowing both custom and standardized solutions. This report provides a brief overview of M2M in the context of general industry as well as its potential applications in industrial automation and process control.

B J Silva

Papers

A Survey on 5G Networks for the Internet of Things: Communication Technologies and Challenges

IR-UWB-Based Non-Line-of-Sight Identification in Harsh Environments: Principles and Challenges

Experimental Link Quality Characterization of Wireless Sensor Networks for Underground Monitoring

Experimental study of UWB-based high precision localization for industrial applications

Machine-to-Machine: Possible applications in industrial networks