An attempt is made in This work to present critical literature review and an up-to-date and exhaustive bibliography on the AGC of power systems. Various control aspects concerning the AGC problem have been highlighted. AGC schemes based on parameters, such as linear and nonlinear power system models, classical and optimal control, and centralized, decentralized, and multilevel control, are discussed. AGC strategies based on digital, self-tuning control, adaptive, VSS systems, and intelligent/soft computing control have been included. Finally, the investigations on AGC systems incorporating BES/SMES, wind turbines, FACTS devices, and PV systems have also been discussed.

Recent philosophies of automatic generation control strategies in power systems

System splitting problem (SS problem) is to determine proper splitting points (or called splitting strategies) to split the entire interconnected transmission network into islands ensuring generation/load balance and satisfaction of transmission capacity constraints when islanding operation of a system is unavoidable. For a large-scale power system, its SS problem is very complicated in general because a combinatorial explosion of strategy space happens. This paper mainly studies how to find proper splitting strategies of large-scale power systems using an ordered binary decision diagrams (OBDD)-based three-phase method. Then, a time-based layered structure of the problem solving process is introduced to make this method more practical. Simulation results on IEEE 30- and 118-bus networks show that by this method, proper splitting strategies can be given quickly. Further analyses indicate that this method is effective for larger-scale power systems.

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Splitting strategies for islanding operation of large-scale power systems using OBDD-based methods

System splitting problem, also known as controlled system separation problem, is to determine the proper splitting points for splitting the entire power network into islands when island operation of system is unavoidable. By "proper" we mean that the splitting strategies should guarantee both the power balance and satisfaction to capacity constraints of transmission lines and other facilities in each island. The system splitting problem is very hard because the strategy space is huge for even middle-scale power networks. This paper proposes a two-phase method to search for proper splitting strategies in real-time. The method narrows down the strategy space using highly efficient OBDD-based algorithm in the first phase, then finds proper splitting strategies using power-flow analysis in the reduced strategy space in the second phase. Simulation with symbolic model checking tool SMV indicates that this method is very promising.

A study of system splitting strategies for island operation of power system: a two-phase method based on OBDDs

Although a major power failure is a complex unique problem, certain common guidelines for power system restoration have emerged from previous papers. This article is a review and organized compilation of those papers. As such, it provides a framework to help power system operators limit the extent of major power failures, and if a failure occurs, to help operators rebuild a stable electric power system and restore unserved load as safely, smoothly and quickly as possible with minimal adverse impact to the public. These guidelines also offer recommendations to help prepare for a major power failure in advance, thereby further facilitating restoration. >

A framework for power system restoration following a major power failure

Power system restoration — a bibliographical survey

An island AGC function has been implemented in a large-scale power system, Virginia Power Company (VP), to assist in system emergency and restoration situations. It is the first time that the conventional AGC function has been enhanced to be utilized, rather than to be suspended, under such circumstances. The island AGC function is designed to be implemented in both the real-time and the dispatcher training simulator (DTS) environments. The latter provides a realistic closed-loop simulation environment that mimics the real system behavior, offering an excellent opportunity for operators to be well-trained, aware and prepared for abnormal situations. This implementation has been tested on the VP system model, which consists of 4400 buses and 775 generators. It has successfully completed custom factory tests, and it is the user's opinion that the island AGC will provide a valuable additional capability for use during system restoration. >

B. Kindel

Papers

An AGC implementation for system islanding and restoration conditions