Nutrient requirements of poultry

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that the knowledge of phytic acid had its beginning in the discovery by Hartig, who isolated small particles or grains (which were not starch grains) from the seeds of various plants. Phytic acid has been generally regarded as the primary storage form of both phosphate and inositol in almost all seeds. The amount of phytic acid varies from 0.50% to 1.89% in cereals (except polished rice), from 0.40% to 2.06% in legumes, from 2.00% to 5.20% in oil seeds except soybeans and peanuts (grouped under legumes), and from 0.40% to 7.50% in protein products. Many foods and seeds contain myo-inositol hexaphosphate as an important source of phosphorus, and accurate methods for its determination are needed. Phytase (meso-inositol hexaphosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.8) is widely distributed in plants, animals, and fungi. In mature cereal grains, legumes, and oil seeds, the major portion of the total phosphorus is present in the form of phytic acid (phytate). Experiments with animals have suggested that phytic acid in plant foods complexes with dietary essential minerals such as calcium, zinc, iron, and magnesium and makes them biologically unavailable for absorption. The correlation of phytate with the cooking quality of peas was first suggested by Mattson. Phytic acid, myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis dihydrogen phosphate serves as the main phosphorus store in mature seeds and grains. In cereals and legumes, phytic acid content ranges from 0.14% to 2.05%, which accounts for 18 to 88% of the total phosphorus.

Phytates in Legumes and Cereals

Aflatoxin B1 in poultry: Toxicology, metabolism and prevention

Commercial tomato canning yields two different byproducts. One is the material that results from peeling tomatoes, while the other results from removing the seeds. The peel byproduct contained 100.8 g protein, 256.4 g ash and 299.4 g acid detergent fiber kg−1. Ash content was high because the peel byproduct contained 83.8 g kg−1 sodium as a result of using a sodium hydroxide solution to peel the tomatoes. The seed byproduct contained 202.3 g protein, 51.8 g ash, and 537.9 g acid detergent fiber kg−1. An amino acid analysis of seeds indicated that approximately 60% of the protein results from amino acids. Both byproducts were analyzed for carotenoid content. The lycopene content of peel byproduct was 734 µg g−1 of dry material. Significant amounts of lutein, β-carotene, and cis-β-carotene were also present. Seed byproduct contained 130 µg lycopene kg−1 of dry matter. The content of other carotenoids was approximately half of that present in the peels. Peel and seed byproducts were included at 75 g kg−1 in hen diets to determine the transfer of carotenoids to the yolk. When fed at this concentration, the lycopene content of dry egg yolk was approximately 0.9 µg g−1. Approximately 0.1% of the lycopene in peel byproduct and approximately 0.7% of the lycopene in the seed byproduct was transferred from the feed to the yolk. Lycopene appears more similar to carotene than to oxycarotenoids in its transfer to the yolk. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

Analyses of tomato peel and seed byproducts and their use as a source of carotenoids

The normal microflora colonizing the digestive tract in livestock species at five to six days after birth can be summarized as following: 400 to 500 different bacterial strains for a total count of 10(14) bacteriae. The role of the gut flora is multifarious: fermentation of feed compounds, induction of anatomical and physiological changes in the intestinal cell wall structure, increase in animal resistance against enteropathogenic bacteriae, etc. In the present review, the numerous hypotheses for explaining the beneficial effects of probiotics on zootechnical performances and also the healthy aspects for men and animals are summarized, and the possible mechanisms of bacterial attachment are enumerated. The different assumptions on mode of action and fixation mechanisms of probiotics in the gut are critically discussed, and the required characteristics of the ideal probiotic are listed. Finally, some zootechnical results obtained with lactic acid bacteria are shown for calves, piglets and broilers.

Probiotics in animal nutrition: a review.

Effects of Dietary Boron Supplementation on Broilers

The Performance of Laying Hens Fed Normal and Low Protein Diets Between 8 and 18 Weeks of Age

The Effect of Dietary Lasalocid or Monensin in the Presence of Roxarsone and Graded Methionine Levels on Broiler Performance and Processing Characteristics

B. L. Damron

Papers

Effects of Dietary Boron Supplementation on Broilers

The Performance of Laying Hens Fed Normal and Low Protein Diets Between 8 and 18 Weeks of Age

The Effect of Dietary Lasalocid or Monensin in the Presence of Roxarsone and Graded Methionine Levels on Broiler Performance and Processing Characteristics

Influence of Strain or Breed Upon the Protein Requirement of Laying Hens

Utilization of Sodium from Sodium Bicarbonate by Broiler Chicks