Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (CVMD) are the leading causes of death worldwide, underscoring the urgent necessity to develop new pharmacotherapies. Berberine (BBR) is an eminent component of traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine for more than 2000 years. Recently, BBR has attracted much interest for its pharmacological actions in treating and/or managing CVMD. Recent discoveries of basic, translational and clinical studies have identified many novel molecular targets of BBR (such as AMPK, SIRT1, LDLR, PCSK9, and PTP1B) and provided novel evidences supporting the promising therapeutic potential of BBR to combat CVMD. Thus, this review provides a timely overview of the pharmacological properties and therapeutic application of BBR in CVMD, and underlines recent pharmacological advances which validate BBR as a promising lead drug against CVMD.

Berberine in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases: From Mechanisms to Therapeutics

Currently, experimental and clinical evidences showed that polyphenols-rich natural products, like nutraceuticals and food supplements, may offer unique treatment modalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), due to their biological properties. Natural products modulate the carbohydrate metabolism by various mechanisms, such as restoring beta-cells integrity and physiology, enhancing insulin releasing activity, and the glucose using. Sea buckthorn berries, red grapes, bilberries, chokeberries and popular drinks like cocoa, coffee and green tea are all rich in polyphenols and may decrease the insulin response, offer in g a natural alternative of treatment in diabetes. Therefore, researches are now focused on potential efficacies of different types of polyphenols, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, anthocyans and stilbenes. Animal and human studies showed that polyphenols modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, decrease glycemia and insulin resistance, increase lipid metabolism and optimize oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. It is important to understand the proper dose and duration of supplementation with polyphenols-rich extracts in order to guide effective therapeutic interventions in diabetic patients.

Polyphenols-rich natural products for treatment of diabetes

Our present investigation deals with the phytochemical screening, estimation of total flavonoids, terpenoids and tannin contents to evaluate the anti-diabetic activities of Salacia oblonga stem followed by GC-MS analysis. It explores the natural compounds and the potential α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory actions of stem extracts. The aqueous stem extract was selected from other extracts (ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and chloroform) for the in vitro study of anti-diabetic activity by alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory assays. The stem extract was also analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry to identify the natural chemical components. Phytochemical analysis of aqueous stem extract showed major classes of secondary metabolites such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins. The total flavonoid, terpenoid, and tannin contents were quantified as 19.82±0.06 mg QE/g, 96.2±0.20 mg/g and 11.25±0.03 mg TAE/g respectively. The percentage inhibition of assays showed maximum inhibitory effects (59.46±0.04% and 68.51±0.01%) at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. The IC50 values of stem extract was found to be 73.56 mg/mL and 80.90 mg/mL for alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibition. Fifteen chemical constituents were found by GC-MS analysis. This study suggest the aqueous stem extract of Salacia oblonga might be considered as potential source of bio active constituents with excellent antidiabetic activity.

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Alpha amylase and Alpha glucosidase inhibitory effects of aqueous stem extract of Salacia oblonga and its GC-MS analysis

Debittering of bitter gourd juice using β-cyclodextrin: Mechanism and effect on antidiabetic potential.

The anti - diabetic d rugs from plants in current clinical use and their similar mechanism of action of herbal components are preferred mainly due to lesser side effects and low cost. So many medicinal plants with anti - diabetic activity related beneficial effects and of herbal drugs used in diabetes is pressurized . The present review focused on the some of the herbal plants and their medicinal uses have shown experimental or clinical anti - diabetic activity. The essential values of some plants have long been published, but a larg e number of them have remained unexplored to date. Therefore, there is a necessity to explore their uses and to ascertain their therapeutic properties. These are mainly Allium cepa, Anacardium occidentale, Andrographic paniculata, Momordica charantia, Azad irakta indica, Brassica oleraccia, Cinnamomum tamala and Withania sominifera mainly etiological factor implicated in the development of diabetes and it's complications .

Plants with antidiabetic activities and their medicinal values

Insights into the perceptual moment theory: Experimental evidence from simultaneity judgment

The typology of word order in Hindi (Subject-Object-Verb, SOV) differs from that of English (Subject-Verb-Object, SVO). Bilinguals whose two languages have conflicting word order provide a unique opportunity to understand how word order affects language processing. Earlier behavioural and event-related brain potential (ERP) studies with Spanish-Basque bilinguals showed longer reading times and more errors in the comprehension of OSV sentences than SOV sentences in Basque language, indicating that non-canonical word orders (OSV) were difficult to process than canonical word order (SOV). This study was designed to explore how the difference in word order in Hindi and English languages affects N400 parameters in proficient Hindi−English bilinguals, using semantic congruity paradigm. Twenty-five proficient Hindi−English bilingual subjects were asked to silently read the congruent and incongruent sentences presented in one word at a time in both the languages. ERPs were recorded from midline frontal, central and parietal sites. The mean amplitude of the N400 effect at the parietal sites in Hindi−English proficient bilinguals was larger for English than for Hindi but there was no significant difference in the N400 latencies. Hindi−English bilingual subjects processed SOV and SVO sentences with equal ease as evidenced by the N400 latencies. Higher amplitude of the N400 effect with English sentences indicate that placing ‘Object’ as the final word makes sentences more predictable than verb as the final word. Understanding the word order difference might help to unravel the neurophysiological mechanisms of language comprehension and may offer some insights in terms of functional advantage of a particular word order in bilinguals.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/09727531221146825

The Effect of Difference in Word Order on Semantic Processing in Hindi−English Bilinguals

ABSTRACT Pregnancy is associated with alteration in the hemodynamic state. In clinical practice, only peripheral blood pressure is measured; however, central blood pressure is a better predictor of cardiovascular events. We have investigated variations in peripheral blood pressure, central blood pressure, and augmentation index in healthy non-pregnant and pregnant women. This was a cross-sectional study of 107 pregnant women (I trimester n = 19, II trimester n = 39, and III trimester n = 49) and age-matched 53 non-pregnant women (Follicular phase n = 25 and luteal phase n = 28). The augmentation index showed a significant decrease with the progression of pregnancy. Central systolic blood pressure showed a decreasing trend (non-significant) with the progression of pregnancy. Heart rate shows a significant increase from follicular to luteal phase in non-pregnant women, which further increases with the progression of pregnancy. Longitudinal studies involving larger sample sizes might provide some insights into the significance of including central blood pressure and augmentation index for routine checkups in both non-pregnant and pregnant women.

B. Narasimha Rao

Papers

Plants with antidiabetic activities and their medicinal values

Insights into the perceptual moment theory: Experimental evidence from simultaneity judgment

The Effect of Difference in Word Order on Semantic Processing in Hindi−English Bilinguals

Hemodynamic changes in pregnancy: does central blood pressure have any role?