Streptomyces reticuli is able to grow efficiently with crystalline cellulose (Avicel) as the sole carbon source. Cultivation in the presence of the nonionic detergent Tween 80 at a concentration of 0.1% led to a 10-fold increase in extracellular cellulolytic activity. Under these conditions, one single 82-kDa cellulase (Avicelase) capable of degrading crystalline and soluble cellulose as well as cellodextrins and p-nitrophenylcellobioside was purified to apparent homogeneity by a procedure which consisted of two consecutive anion-exchange chromatographies followed by chromatofocusing. Aggregation, which was a major problem during protein purification, could be avoided by including Triton X-100 at a concentration of 0.1% in every chromatographic step. The Avicelase was identified in extracellular and mycelium-associated forms, the latter of which could be released efficiently by nonionic detergents. In addition, a 42-kDa truncated form retaining cellulolytic activity was identified which had been generated from the 82-kDa enzyme by a protease. Antibodies raised against the mycelium-associated Avicelase reacted with the 42-kDa derivative and the extracellular form. The mycelial association of the enzyme was confirmed by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopies.

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Biochemical and Electron Microscopic Studies of the Streptomyces reticuli Cellulase (Avicelase) in Its Mycelium-Associated and Extracellular Forms.

Production of cellulases and hemicellulases by the straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea

Detergents improve xanthan yield and polymer quality in cultures of Xanthomonas campestris

A series of experiments was carried out to determine the possibility for the non-ionic surfactant (NIS) as a feed additive for ruminant animals. The effect of the NIS on c the enzyme distribution in the rumen fluids of Hereford bulls, 2 the growth of pure culture of rumen bacteria and e rumen anaerobic fungi, f the ruminal fermentation characteristics of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo), and g the performances of Holstein dairy cows were investigated. When NIS was added to rumen fluid at the level of 0.05 and 0.1% (v/v), the total and specific activities of cell-free enzymes were significantly (p<0.01) increased, but those of cell-bound enzymes were slightly decreased, but not statistically significant. The growth rates of ruminal noncellulolytic species (Ruminobacter amylophilus, Megasphaera elsdenii, Prevotella ruminicola and Selenomonas ruminantium) were significantly (p<0.01) increased by the addition of NIS at both concentrations tested. However, the growth rate of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens) were slightly increased or not affected by the NIS. In general, NIS appears to effect Gram-negative bacteria more than Gram-positive bacteria; and non-cellulolytic bacteria more than cellulolytic bacteria. The growth rates of ruminal monocentric fungi (Neocallimastix patriciarum and Piromyces communis) and polycentric fungi (Orpinomyces joyonii and Anaeromyces mucronatus) were also significantly (p<0.01) increased by the addition of NIS at all concentrations tested. When NIS was administrated to the rumen of Hanwoo, Total VFA and ammonia-N concentrations, the microbial cell growth rate, CMCase and xylanase activities in the rumen increased with statistical difference (p<0.01), but NIS administration did not affect at the time of 0 and 9 h post-feeding. Addition of NIS to TMR resulted in increased TMR intake and increased milk production by Holstein cows and decreased body condition scores. The NEFA and corticoid concentrations in the blood were lowered by the addition of NIS. These results indicated that the addition of NIS may greatly stimulate the release of some kinds of enzymes from microbial cells, and stimulate the growth rates of a range of anaerobic ruminal microorganisms, and also stimulate the rumen fermentation characteristics and animal performances. Our data indicates potential uses of the NIS as a feed additive for ruminant animals. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol. 16, No. 1 : 104-115)

Effects of Non-ionic Surfactants on Enzyme Distributions of Rumen Contents, Anaerobic Growth of Rumen Microbes, Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Performances of Lactating Cows

The effects of a non-ionic surfactant on the fermentation characteristics, microbial growth, enzyme activity and digestibility in the rumen of cows

Tween 80 and proteose peptone effect on cellulase production with Trichoderma spec. was studied. Sugar cane pith was used in the medium as carbon source. Tween 80 increases cellulase production while proteose peptone has influence on enzyme adsorption. There is a combined effect on cellulase production between them.

B. R. Hung

Papers

Tween 80 and proteose peptone effect on cellulase production