Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

The carbon–carbon (C–C) bond forms the ‘backbone’ of nearly every organic molecule, and lies at the heart of the chemical sciences! This transformation has always been one of the most useful and fundamental reactions in the development of organic chemistry. Currently, the concept of ‘green chemistry’ is globally acclaimed and has already advanced quite significantly to emerge as a distinct branch of chemical sciences. Among the principles of ‘green chemistry’, one principle is dedicated to the “design of energy efficiency” – that is to develop synthetic strategies that require less/minimum amounts of energy to carry out a specific reaction with optimum productivity. And the most effective way to save energy is to develop strategies/protocols that are capable enough to carry out the transformations at ambient temperature and pressure! As part of the on-going developments in green synthetic strategies, designing for reactions under ambient conditions coupled with other green aspects is, thus, an area of current choice. This review is aimed at offering an up-to-date development on the design of carbon–carbon bond forming protocols to access a wide variety of organic molecules of topical significance under ambient conditions. The account highlights the brilliant applications of reaction conditions such as the use of solvents or no solvent, catalysts or no catalyst, and the use of green tools like ball-milling, ultrasonication and visible light in achieving the goal!

Design for carbon–carbon bond forming reactions under ambient conditions

Background Moroccan flora is rich with medicinal plants that are widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases including diabetes. These plants possess several classes of bioactive molecules, which belong to different chemical families such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Scope and approach This review highlights the published reports on the antidiabetic properties of Moroccan medicinal plants. The mechanism of action of these plants and their secondary metabolites were discussed in detail. Clinical trials on the antidiabetic active constituents were summarized demonstrating the potential application of these natural treasures to be developed as potent antidiabetic agents. Key findings and conclusions were reported to be used in the treatment of diabetes in Morocco. Among these medicinal plants, the antidiabetic activity was evaluated for 15 species in vitro and 30 species in vivo. The in vitro studies showed significant inhibition of enzymes involved in the intestinal metabolism of carbohydrates. The in vivo reports revealed that the extracts and essential oils of these plants exhibited several antidiabetic effects such as a decrease of blood glucose and an increase of insulin secretion. Phytochemical analysis of the active plants revealed the presence of 148 secondary metabolites. These compounds belong to different chemical classes such as terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and fatty acids. Among the identified compounds, 95 were evaluated for their antidiabetic activity. The results showed that these compounds manage diabetes by several mechanisms such as enzymatic inhibition, interference with glucose and lipid metabolism signaling pathways, and the inhibition and/or the activation of gene expression involved in glucose homeostasis. Eighteen active compounds reached clinical trials and showed impressive results in controlling diabetes and its manifestations.

Moroccan antidiabetic medicinal plants: Ethnobotanical studies, phytochemical bioactive compounds, preclinical investigations, toxicological validations and clinical evidences; challenges, guidance and perspectives for future management of diabetes worldwide

Potential protective effects of alpha-pinene against cytotoxicity caused by aspirin in the IEC-6 cells.

Pancreatitis is a gastrointestinal disease with a worldwide sharp surge during the past decade. Pancreatitis includes acute and chronic subtypes, which are graded based on the amount of pancreatic inflammation. Phytoconstituents represent a promising class of therapeutic agents with wide acceptability not only based on folk practices but sound presence of pharmacological and molecular evidences. Growing research evidence indicates that different molecular mechanisms are involved in their protective effect. Many phytoremedies have been tried for the treatment of pancreatic injuries and have shown success in preclinical animal models of pancreatitis. The literature was largely collected through PubMed and Google scholar database. A large proportion of phytochemicals targets the inflammatory cascade and modulates the overtly acting redox balance among which nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells is the key molecule. Inhibition of apoptosis (artemisinin, embelin), inflammasome (withaferin A), neutrophil rolling (fucoidan), Ca+2 release (caffeine), mitogen activated protein kinase (guggulsterone) and many other novel mechanisms apart from antioxidant effect have been postulated behind the protective effect of phytoconstituents. The present review deals to fill the gap of hitherto unavailable comprehensive review on various plant products screened for the treatment of pancreatitis. The possible mechanistic profile of these phytochemicals is summarized. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Role of Plant-derived Products in Pancreatitis: Experimental and Clinical Evidence.

The efficacy of lawsone against L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis was determined at 24 h by determination of serum levels of amylase, lipase and proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, C-reactive proteins and interleukin (IL)], pancreatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)], nitrate/nitrite levels, and the wet weight/body weight ratio. Lawsone and methylprednisolone treatments significantly attenuated the L-arginine- induced increases in pancreatic wet weight/body weight ratio, and decreased the serum levels of amylase and lipase, and TNF-alpha and IL-6 and significantly lowered pancreatic levels of MPO, TBARS, and nitrate/nitrite. The histoimmunological findings further proved the amelioration of pancreatic injury by lawsone and further proved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent property of lawsone.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/16126/1/IJEB%2051%283%29%20256-261.pdf

Protective effect of lawsone on L-Arginine induced acute pancreatitis in rats.

Objective: Screening of alpha-pinene on L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis model. Material and Methods: In this model the acute pancreatitis was determined at 24h by determination of pancreatic wet weight/body weight ratio, nitrate/nitrite levels, lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)], proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-reactive proteins (CRP) and interleukin (IL)], pancreatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and serum levels of amylase and lipase. Results: Administration of L-arginine had induced pancreatitis and this was characterized by pulmonary complication including altered pancreatic wet weight/body weight ratio, nitrate/nitrite levels, proinflammatory cytokines, TBARS, MPO and serum levels of amylase and lipase. Treatment with alpha-pinene (100 and 200mg/kg) dose significantly attenuated the L-arginine-induced pancreatitis and related complication. Conclusion: The histological findings proved the amelioration of pancreatic injury by alphapinene and biochemical parameters proved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant property of alpha-pinene.

/pdf/pre-clinical-evolutionary-study-of-alpha-pinene-in-l-3e8wxoew5w.pdf

Pre-Clinical Evolutionary Study of Alpha-Pinene in L-Arginine Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rat.

Objective: This study is intended to study the protective effect of Lawsone and Alpha-pinene on L-Arginine induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Method: In this study lawsoneand alpha-pinene against L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis was determined at 24 h by determination of serum levels of amylase, lipase and proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-reactive proteins and interleukin (IL)], pancreatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)], nitrate/nitrite levels, and the wet weight/body weight ratio. Result: Lawsone, alpha-pinene and methylprednisolone treatments significantly attenuated the L-arginine- induced increases in pancreatic wet weight/body weight ratio, and decreased the serum levels of amylase and lipase, and TNF-α and IL-6 and significantly lowered pancreatic levels of MPO, TBARS, and nitrate/nitrite. The histopathological findings further proved the amelioration of pancreatic injury by lawsone and alpha-pinene. Further it also proved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent property of lawsone and Alpha-pinene. Conclusion: This study had proved ameliorating effect of Lawsone and alpha-pinene on L-Arginine induced acute pancreatitis in rats.

B Veeresh

Papers

Protective effect of lawsone on L-Arginine induced acute pancreatitis in rats.

Pre-Clinical Evolutionary Study of Alpha-Pinene in L-Arginine Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rat.

Ameliorating effect of lawsone and alpha-pinene on l-arginine induced acute pancreatitis in rats