Privileged structures have been widely used as an effective template in medicinal chemistry for drug discovery. Chalcone is a common simple scaffold found in many naturally occurring compounds. Many chalcone derivatives have also been prepared due to their convenient synthesis. These natural products and synthetic compounds have shown numerous interesting biological activities with clinical potentials against various diseases. This review aims to highlight the recent evidence of chalcone as a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Multiple aspects of chalcone will be summarized herein, including the isolation of novel chalcone derivatives, the development of new synthetic methodologies, the evaluation of their biological properties, and the exploration of the mechanisms of action as well as target identification. This review is expected to be a comprehensive, authoritative, and critical review of the chalcone template to the chemistry community.

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Chalcone: A Privileged Structure in Medicinal Chemistry.

Multicomponent reactions are one of the most interesting concepts in modern synthetic chemistry and, as shown in this critical review, they provide an attractive entry into pyrrole derivatives, which are very important heterocycles from many points of view including medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry and materials science (97 references).

Multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of pyrroles

The analogs of nitrogen-based heterocycles occupy an exclusive position as a valuable source of therapeutic agents in medicinal chemistry. More than 75% of drugs approved by the FDA and currently available in the market are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moieties. In the forthcoming decade, a much greater share of new nitrogen-based pharmaceuticals is anticipated. Many new nitrogen-based heterocycles have been designed. The number of novel N-heterocyclic moieties with significant physiological properties and promising applications in medicinal chemistry is ever-growing. In this review, we consolidate the recent advances on novel nitrogen-containing heterocycles and their distinct biological activities, reported over the past one year (2019 to early 2020). This review highlights the trends in the use of nitrogen-based moieties in drug design and the development of different potent and competent candidates against various diseases.

A Review on Recent Advances in Nitrogen-Containing Molecules and Their Biological Applications.

Pyrrole is one of the most important one-ring heterocycles. The ready availability of suitably substituted and functionalized pyrrole derivatives is essential for the progress of many branches of science, including biology and materials science. Access to this key heterocycle by multicomponent routes is particularly attractive in terms of synthetic efficiency, and also from the environmental point of view. We update here our previous review on this topic by describing the progress made in this area in the period between mid-2009 and the end of 2013.

Recent advances in the synthesis of pyrroles by multicomponent reactions

The introduction of sulfur atoms onto target molecules is an important area in organic synthesis, in particular in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds, and a wide variety of sulfuration agents have been developed for thionation reactions over the past few decades. In this Focus Review, we collect and summarize the C-S bond-formation reactions that have been used to construct C-S bonds in natural products and pharmaceutical compounds.

Transfer of sulfur: from simple to diverse.

Arylglyoxals in synthesis of heterocyclic compounds.

Studies on nano-sized particles have been the range for the past 10–15 years. With rapid growth of metal oxide nanotechnologies during the last decades, the application of this material in the field of catalysis has become a substantial research area. In the past decades, the utilization of transition metal oxide nanoparticle catalysts for industrial application in the synthesis of important chemical intermediates has been investigated by industrial and academic communities. Compared to other catalysts, one of the outstanding properties of metal oxide nanoparticles in catalysis is represented by the high selectivity which allows discrimination within chemical groups and geometrical positions, favoring high yields of the desired product. This review is devoted to dealing with the application of transition metal oxide nanoparticles as catalyst for oxidations of sulfides, alcohols, olefins, and alkanes toward the synthesis of a variety of organic compounds, such as sulfoxides, aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, epoxides and alcohols.

Transition metal oxide nanoparticles as efficient catalysts in oxidation reactions

Chemistry of α-oxoesters: a powerful tool for the synthesis of heterocycles.

New 2-alkyl-5-aryl-(1H)-pyrrole-4-ol derivatives were synthesized via three-component reaction of beta-dicarbonyl compounds with arylglyoxals in the presence of ammonium acetate in water at room temperature.

Novel one-pot, three-component synthesis of new 2-alkyl-5-aryl-(1H)-pyrrole-4-ol in water.

Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared by chemical coprecipitation of FeCl3·6H2O and FeCl2·4H2O in alkaline solution, followed by silylation using triethoxy silane, and then by treatment with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The corresponding MNPs were coated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by amide formation between carboxyl groups of CMC and amine functional groups of nanoparticles. The structure of MNPs was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, VSM and TGA analysis. CMC-coated Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles were used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB, a cationic dye) from aqueous solutions. The impact of various factors such as adsorbent dosage, pH, initial concentration of MB, temperature and contact time were investigated. The kinetic, isotherms, and thermodynamic parameters of adsorption were also studied.

Carboxymethyl cellulose coated Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 core–shell magnetic nanoparticles for methylene blue removal: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies

Bagher Eftekhari-Sis

Papers

Arylglyoxals in synthesis of heterocyclic compounds.

Transition metal oxide nanoparticles as efficient catalysts in oxidation reactions

Chemistry of α-oxoesters: a powerful tool for the synthesis of heterocycles.

Novel one-pot, three-component synthesis of new 2-alkyl-5-aryl-(1H)-pyrrole-4-ol in water.

Carboxymethyl cellulose coated Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 core–shell magnetic nanoparticles for methylene blue removal: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies