Background Physical therapists, as clinical human movement experts, must qualitatively evaluate patients' functional and biomechanical impairments. There are now low-cost 2- and 3-dimensional video measurement systems that can be used to increase the precision and reliability of these qualitative clinical assessments. Purpose The purpose of this study was to systematically review current low-cost video-based methods for motion analysis compared with gold-standard 3-dimensional biomechanical methods. Data sources Electronic searches were conducted until January 2018 within the following databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane, Scopus, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Study selection Studies designed to evaluate criterion-referenced validity and/or reliability of video-based motion analysis technologies within the last 20 years were included. English-language articles dealing with human rehabilitation were considered. Data extraction Data extraction was independently completed by 3 reviewers, and methodological quality was assessed using the 2018 Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments checklist. Articles were organized for analysis on the basis of type of motion analyzed and category of each low-cost technology used. Data synthesis With 20 articles meeting selection criteria, 10 low-cost motion analysis platforms were presented, each examining different functional movement-dependent variables. Overall article quality was "low" or "very low" on the basis of Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments scoring. Correlations between low-cost and 3-dimensional gold standard systems ranged widely from "poor" agreement (r = 0.025) to "strong" agreement (r = 0.992). Spatiotemporal gait parameters consistently outperformed planar joint angle data. Reliability was better measured than concurrent validity. A summary table was developed to assist clinicians in choosing which motions could potentially be measured accurately by each low-cost platform on the basis of current findings. Limitations Databases available to researchers were more clinical/medical in nature, and this review was written from that clinically based perspective. Lack of standardized protocols and methodology within included studies was common, making generalizability difficult. Conclusions Research attempting to validate newer low-cost movement analysis systems is limited in quality. Measurement of only certain variables should be considered when these tools are used. Further research is warranted, because these devices still have potential clinical utility for supplementing qualitative movement assessment with objective outcome measures.

Current Low-Cost Video-Based Motion Analysis Options for Clinical Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review.

Two-dimensional video analysis is commonly used to assess kinematics when three-dimensional motion capture is unavailable. However, videos are often assessed using manual digitization, which limits the ability to extract outcomes that require continuous data. Here, we introduced a method to collect continuous kinematic data in 2D using an inexpensive camera and an open-source automated marker tracking program. We tested the validity of this method by comparing 2D video analysis to 3D motion capture for measuring sagittal-plane running kinematics. Twenty uninjured participants ran on a treadmill for 1-min while lower extremity kinematics were collected simultaneously in 3D using a motion capture system and in 2D using a single digital camera, both at 120 Hz. Knee, ankle, and foot angle at contact, peak knee flexion, knee flexion excursion, and knee-ankle flexion vector coding variability were computed using both the 3D and 2D kinematic data, and were compared using intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. The agreement between collection methods was excellent for foot angle at contact and knee flexion excursion, good for ankle and knee angle at contact and knee-ankle vector coding variability, and moderate for peak knee flexion. However, Bland-Altman plots revealed significant differences between the 2D and 3D collection methods, which varied across study participants. These low-cost methods could be useful for collecting continuous sagittal plane running kinematics in non-laboratory settings.

Validity of Using Automated Two-Dimensional Video Analysis to Measure Continuous Sagittal Plane Running Kinematics

Background
Competitive cyclists are susceptible to injury from the highly repetitive nature of pedaling during training and racing. Deviation from an optimal movement pattern is often cited as a factor contributing to tissue stress with specific concern for excessive frontal plane knee motion. Wedges and orthoses are increasingly used at the foot-shoe-pedal-interface (FSPI) in cycling shoes to alter the kinematics of the lower limb while cycling. Determination of the effect of FSPI alteration on cycling kinematics may offer a simple, inexpensive tool to reduce anterior knee pain in recreational and competitive cyclists. There have been a limited number of experimental studies examining the effect of this intervention in cyclists, and there is little agreement upon which FSPI interventions can prevent or treat knee injury. The purpose of this review is to provide a broader review of the literature than has been performed to date, and to critically examine the literature examining the evidence for FSPI intervention in competitive cyclists.

Intervention at the foot-shoe-pedal interface in competitive cyclists.

JUMPINGAND HOPPING-BASED TESTS CAN PROVIDE VALUABLE INSIGHT INTO AN ATHLETE’S PROFICIENCY IN BALLISTIC SPORTING MOVEMENTS SUCH AS SPRINTING OR CHANGE OF DIRECTION. CAPTURE AND ANALYSIS OF THIS ARE USUALLY EXPENSIVE AND LABORATORY BASED. RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN INTEGRATED SMARTPHONE VIDEO TECHNOLOGY FROM THE COMMERCIAL SPACE HAVE LED TO AN INCREASE IN THEIR UTILITY FOR SPORTS PERFORMANCE AND COULDBE EXTREMELY USEFUL TO THE STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING COACH, BUT THE ACCURACY AND SENSITIVITY OF THESE ARE LARGELY UNDETERMINED. THIS BRIEF REVIEW DISCUSSES THE ACCURACY OF A SMARTPHONE VIDEO APPLICATION CALLED MY JUMP AND ITS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY FOR JUMP-BASED DIAGNOSTICS. INTRODUCTION T heuse of various bilateral and unilateral jumpor hop-based tests is common in athletic profiling because they resemble ballistic movements from sports performance such as jumping and sprinting. The proficiency of these movements is paramount for athletic success (3) and has strong correlations as such with tasks including sprint performance (1,6,13,17,20,30) and multidirectional speed (22). Verticaland horizontal-based tests invariably only require the use of a tape measure to record jump distance or height achieved during each trial, or a basic contact mat to measure flight time. However, the potential to capture the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of each trial and describe how an athlete achieves their jump performance, which in the simplest of terms is defined by distance or height achieved, could also be of significant value in determining athletic potential. Capture of such information usually requires the use of expensive laboratorybased equipment such as force platforms (29), motion capture systems (29), pressure sensors (9), or photocell technology (Optogate)Microgate, Bolzano, Italy (23) as well as a high level of training to analyze the output data. The use of 3-dimensional (3-D) video motion analysis is the gold standard for use in assessing quality of jumping and landing tasks. However, the use of low-cost 2-dimensional (2-D) smartphone or tablet video technology integrated with low-cost biomechanical analysis applications could provide valid and reliable access to high levels of data captured outside of a laboratory environment (4,5,12,14,16) and a more affordable and more readily available solution. The current market is flooded with applications such as Jumpster, myVertical, and Vertical Jump Calculator that use the inbuilt accelerometers and gyroscopes within a smartphone. Recent technological advancements in mobile phone video technology, and specifically the availability of high frame rates and screen resolutions in smartphones, have resulted in an exponential increase in their use in sports performance, health, wellness, and in medical cohorts. Applications such as What’s My Vertical, My Jump, and its later release My Jump 2 use this video technology to derive various jump Address correspondence to Anthony P. Sharp, ant.sharp@nzc.nz.

Using Smartphones for Jump Diagnostics: A Brief Review of the Validity and Reliability of the My Jump App

doi: 10.17691/stm2015.7.4.26 Received January 28, 2015V.V. Borzikov, Junior Researcher, Scientific and Clinical department;N.N. Rukina, md, Phd, Senior Researcher, department of Functional diagnosis;O.V. Vorobyova, Junior Researcher, department of Functional diagnosis;A.N. Kuznetsov, Junior Researcher, department of Functional diagnosis;A.N. Belova, md, dSc, Professor, Head of the department of Functional diagnosisPrivolzhsky Federal Research medical Center, ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 18 Verkhne-Volzhskaya naberezhnaya, Nizhny Novgorod, 603155, Russian FederationThe development of new rehabilitation approaches to neurological and traumatological patients requires understanding of normal and pathological movement patterns. Biomechanical analysis of video images is the most accurate method of investigation and quantitative assessment of human normal and pathological locomotion. The review of currently available methods and systems of optical human motion analysis used in clinical practice is presented here. Short historical background is provided. Locomotion kinematics analysis using passive marker based systems is reviewed with special attention to the gait analysis. Clinical application of optical motion capture and analysis systems in the diagnosis of locomotion impairment, in Parkinson’s disease with movement control disorders, stroke sequelae, monitoring of motor function rehabilitation in patients with infantile cerebral paralysis, limb joint endo- and exoprosthetics and some other disorders is described.Key words: biomechanics; video analysis; optical human motion; rehabilitation medicine.For contacts: Rukina Nataliya Nikolaevna, e-mail: rukinann@mail.ru

Human Motion Video Analysis in Clinical Practice (Review)

Context: Lower-extremity landing mechanics have been implicated as a contributing factor in knee pain and injury, yet cost-effective and clinically accessible methods for evaluating movement mechanics are limited. The identification of valid, reliable, and readily accessible technology to assess lower-extremity alignment could be an important tool for clinicians, coaches, and strength and conditioning specialists. Objective: To examine the validity and reliability of using a handheld tablet and movement-analysis application (app) for assessing lower-extremity alignment during a drop vertical-jump task. Design: Concurrent validation. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: 22 healthy college-age subjects (11 women and 11 men, mean age 21 ± 1.4 y, mean height 1.73 ± 0.12 m, mean mass 71 ± 13 kg) with no lower-extremity pathology that prevented safe landing from a drop jump. Intervention: Subjects performed 6 drop vertical jumps that were recorded simultaneously using a 3-dimensional (3D) motion-capture system an...

Validity and Intra-rater Reliability of 2-Dimensional Motion Analysis Using a Hand-held Tablet Compared to Traditional 3-Dimensional Motion Analysis.

Context: Landing kinematics have been identified as a risk factor for knee injury. Detecting atypical kinematics in clinical settings is important for identifying individuals at risk for these injuries. Objective: To determine the reliability of a handheld tablet and application (app) for measuring lower-extremity kinematics during drop vertical-jump landings. Design: Measurement reliability. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: 23 healthy young adults with no lower-extremity injuries and no contraindications for jumping and landing. Intervention: Subjects performed 6 drop vertical jumps that were captured with an iPad2 and analyzed with a KinesioCapture app by 2 novice and 2 experienced raters. Three trials each were captured in the frontal and sagittal planes. Main Outcome Measures: Frontal-plane projection angles, knee flexion, and hip flexion at initial contact and maximum knee flexion were measured. ICC and SEM were calculated to determine intertrial and interrater reliability. One-way ANOVAs were used...

Reliability of Using a Handheld Tablet and Application to Measure Lower-Extremity Alignment Angles.

Analyzing lower extremity (LE) landing mechanics is a main component of the screening process for athletes predisposed to injury. However, easily accessible and reliable tools for this process in a...

Barbara C Belyea

Papers

Validity and Intra-rater Reliability of 2-Dimensional Motion Analysis Using a Hand-held Tablet Compared to Traditional 3-Dimensional Motion Analysis.

Reliability of Using a Handheld Tablet and Application to Measure Lower-Extremity Alignment Angles.

Reliability of using a handheld tablet to analyze lower extremity landing mechanics during drop vertical jumps