Houston for their assistance in developing the material and preparing the guidance in this document. We are also grateful for the valuable assistance provided by the Rouge River Advisory Council Contaminated Sites Subgroup, Wayne County staff (particularly Michael Droze and Eric Anderson) and staff of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. A great deal of energy was expended by all who contributed; we appreciate the effort and the fine result. The views expressed by individual authors are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of EPA. Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey, and should not be interpreted as conveying, official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation. The mission of the Rouge River National Wet Weather Demonstration Project is to demonstrate effective solutions to water quality problems facing an urban watershed highly impacted by wet weather and develop potential solutions and implement projects which will lead to the restoration of water quality in the Rouge River. The project will address both conventional and toxic pollutants to: • provide a safe and healthy recreational river resource for present and future generations; • re-establish a healthy and diverse ecosystem within the Rouge River Watershed; • protect downstream water resources such as the Detroit River and Lake Erie; and • help ensure compliance with federal, state and local environmental laws which protect human health and the environment. This will be accomplished through the development, implementation and financial integration of technical, social and institutional frameworks leading to cost-efficient and innovative watershed-based solutions to wet weather problems. This watershed-based national demonstration project will provide other municipalities across the nation facing similar problems with guidance and potentially effective solutions. v PREFACE The Rouge River and its watershed are a primary source of pollution to the Great Lakes. The Clean Water Act of 1972 intended to make waterways "fishable and swimmable" by 1972. Although that goal has not been reached, great progress has been made in improving water quality in most waterways. The Rouge River Remedial Action Plan (RAP) provided a basis for which The Rouge River National Wet Weather Demonstration Project (Rouge Project) efforts were created: it identified the major sources of pollution and measured the relative contributions of each. The RAP is the continuing foundation for the Rouge Project and presents a framework for addressing the problems within the Rouge River by looking beyond treatment and focusing instead on prevention methods. The …

Rouge River National Wet Weather Demonstration Project

The global positioning system (GPS) is being applied in the construction industry as a practical tool for higher productivity. The aim of this study is to estimate the productivity improvement from GPS implementation in earthmoving operations using construction simulation. The results show that the GPS-based system can increase productivity by 21.74% and cost savings by 12.92% over the conventional system in a project with a short haul distance and can increase productivity by 5.67% and cost savings by 4.79% in a project with a long haul distance. It was noted that the bulldozer and truck are critical resources for productivity in each project and that the greater the number of work activities in a project, the lower the improvement in productivity as a result of using a specific technology applied to a limited number of pieces of equipment, due to the existence of many varied factors. This study is intended to help construction planners set up optimized GPS-based earthmoving operations.Key words: earthmo...

Simulation analysis of productivity variation by global positioning system (GPS) implementation in earthmoving operations

Work in construction always requires moving within, and interacting with, a complex environment while handling heavy materials and building elements to be joined, inserted, or aligned. Modern design software is able to digitally model all of those elements in their spatially correct configuration, and without interference. When it comes to the actual construction, however, the spatial models do not find any use. Twenty years after the manufacturing industry began using electronic design data to control their machinery, construction is also getting ready to move away from its longstanding tradition of working with paper-based blueprints. The newest steps on the path toward the use of three-dimensional digital design data in support of site operation are stimulated by the global positioning system and the many uses of lasers. Surveying has always performed critical functions on construction sites, such as marking building layouts, anchor bolts, concrete formwork, or bridge bearings. The objective of spatial...

Spatial Integration in Construction

Excavation of a metro tunnel in the historical centre of Athens (Gazi/Technopolis area) in soft rocks produced considerable tilting, up to 7.5 ‰, but no damage to three isolated historical brick chimneys, 26–34 m high. Tilting was derived from coordinate changes of control points at the top of the chimneys measured from a remote total station and permitted to understand that during the tunnel excavation, the control points on the chimneys were moving roughly along semi-circles with radii up to 20 cm and that the overall motion of the structures can be simulated by inverted half-cones. While deformation of the ground due to tunnelling was so far usually assumed as a 2-D effect approximated by a Gaussian function, evidence presented clearly indicates a 3-D deformation (tilting of chimneys as rigid structures in different directions), in full agreement with new theoretical models of ground deformation due to nearby excavations (ground loss). Measurement of the 3-D tunnelling-induced ground deformation became for the first time possible for two reasons: first, the Gazi historical chimneys are isolated slender structures functioning as huge tiltmetres amplifying the amount of local ground deformation; in most other cases, this deformation is obscured/compensated by the response of bulky buildings. And second, the use of geodetic total stations (electronic theodolites) permits remote measurement of changes of 3-D coordinates of control points with nearly millimetre accuracy. Observed amount of tilting of the chimneys is several times larger than the accepted threshold of failure of structures during tunnelling/excavations, and this due to their foundations, limited in dimensions and directly on the ground, practically not subject to differential displacements. This result is important for future underground works in the vicinity of isolated slender structures such as towers, bell towers and minarets.

3-D strong tilting observed in tall, isolated brick chimneys during the excavation of the Athens Metro

Three-dimensional (3D) modeling and visualization of temporary site facilities is instrumental in revealing potential space conflicts and refining time and cost estimates. This research focuses on implementation of photo-based 3D modeling in a time-dependent, dynamically-changing context. We propose a cost-effective modeling technique to obtain dynamic dimension measurements of a moving object. The methodology resulting from integrating photo-based 3D modeling and robotic total station tracking technologies better caters to the application needs of visualization and measurement in construction that are critical to operational safety and structural accuracy. The computational foundation of photogrammetry is first addressed then the modeling procedure and the system design described. In a module assembly yard, a rigging system being lifted by a mobile crane was identified as the moving object. The length and the length changes of twelve slings on a newly-engineered rigging system at different stateswere measured in order to ensure quality and safety. The proposed technique relies on utilizing two robotic total stations and three cameras and provides a simple, safe and effective solution to monitor the dimensional changes of a temporary facility in the construction field.

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Combining photogrammetry and robotic total stations to obtain dimensional measurements of temporary facilities in construction field

Surveying principles: surveying fundamentals taping levelling transits and theodolites electronic surveying measurement traverse surveys topographic surveying and drawing construction control surveys global positioning systems (GPS). Construction applications: highway curves highway construction surveyed municipal street construction surveys pipeline and tunnel construction surveys culvert and bridge construction surveys building construction surveys quantity and final surveys. Appendices.

Barry F. Kavanagh

Papers

Surveying with Construction Applications