Converging legal and scientific forces are pushing the traditional forensic identification sciences toward fundamental change. The assumption of discernible uniqueness that resides at the core of these fields is weakened by evidence of errors in proficiency testing and in actual cases. Changes in the law pertaining to the admissibility of expert evidence in court, together with the emergence of DNA typing as a model for a scientifically defensible approach to questions of shared identity, are driving the older forensic sciences toward a new scientific paradigm.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID962968_code293784.pdf?abstractid=962968&rulid=10000831&mirid=4

The Coming Paradigm Shift in Forensic Identification Science

Recent DNA exonerations have shed light on the problem that people sometimes confess to crimes they did not commit. Drawing on police practices, laws concerning the admissibility of confession evidence, core principles of psychology, and forensic studies involving multiple methodologies, this White Paper summarizes what is known about police-induced confessions. In this review, we identify suspect characteristics (e.g., adolescence; intellectual disability; mental illness; and certain personality traits), interrogation tactics (e.g., excessive interrogation time; presentations of false evidence; and minimization), and the phenomenology of innocence (e.g., the tendency to waive Miranda rights) that influence confessions as well as their effects on judges and juries. This article concludes with a strong recommendation for the mandatory electronic recording of interrogations and considers other possibilities for the reform of interrogation practices and the protection of vulnerable suspect populations.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1596284_code797450.pdf?abstractid=1483878&type=2

Police-Induced Confessions: Risk Factors and Recommendations

Detecting deception is an inherently difficult task, but one that plays a critical role for law enforcement investigators in the interrogation room. In general, research has failed to indicate that performance in this domain is improved by training or prior experience. A signal detection framework is applied to the paradigm to better conceptualize the influence of these two factors. We found that although neither factor influenced discrimination accuracy, there was an effect on response bias such that training and prior experience appeared to increase the likelihood of responding “deceit” as opposed to “truth.” This “investigator bias” was observed both in a review of the literature and in this study of North American law enforcement investigators who took part in a forensically based deception-detection task. Possible theoretical mechanisms and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

/pdf/he-s-guilty-investigator-bias-in-judgments-of-truth-and-wnox87q6k3.pdf

"He's guilty!": investigator bias in judgments of truth and deception.

The other-race effect (ORE), or the finding that same-race faces are better recognized than other-race faces, is one of the best replicated phenomena in face recognition. The current article reviews existing evidence and theory and proposes a new theoretical framework for the ORE, which argues that the effect results from a confluence of social categorization, motivated individuation, and perceptual experience. This categorization-individuation model offers not only a parsimonious account of both classic and recent evidence for category-based biases in face recognition but also links the ORE to broader evidence and theory in social cognition and face perception. Finally, the categorization-individuation model makes a series of novel predictions for how the ORE can be exacerbated, attenuated, or even eliminated via perceptual and motivational processes, both by improving other-race recognition and by reducing same-race recognition. The authors propose that this new model for the ORE also leads to applied interventions that differ sharply from other theories of the ORE, while simultaneously providing an integrative theoretical framework for future research on the ORE.

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/rev/117/4/1168.pdf

The categorization-individuation model: an integrative account of the other-race recognition deficit.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/309/5736/892.full.pdf

In 1932, Professor Edwin M. Borchard wrote in his classic study, Convicting the Innocent , “ In an age when social justice has made such marked advances . . . it seems strange that so little attention has been given to one of the most flagrant of all publicly imposed wrongs—the plight of the innocent victim of unjust conviction in criminal cases.” 1 In the seven decades since Professor Borchard’s observation, the general cause of social justice has surely been advanced as the New Deal of the 1930s and the Great Society programs of the 1960s brought opportunity to previously neglected classes of Americans. Yet over the same period—at least until quite recently—the conviction of innocent individuals has remained a neglected topic among both policymakers and scholars. In the 1990s, the use of advanced DNA testing has freed many wrongfully incarcerated persons. 2 As a result, scholars 3 and the media 4 have

Actual Innocence : Five Days to Execution and Other Dispatches from the Wrongly Convicted

Searching for most sold publication or reading resource in the world? We provide them done in style kind as word, txt, kindle, pdf, zip, rar as well as ppt. one of them is this certified actual innocence when justice goes wrong and how to make it right that has been created by Still perplexed ways to get it? Well, just check out online or download by registering in our site below. Click them. This is really going to save you time and your money in something should think about. If you're seeking then search around for online. Without a doubt there are several these available and a lot of them have the freedom. However no doubt you receive what you spend on. An alternate way to get ideas would be to check another actual innocence when justice goes wrong and how to make it right. Have free times? Read actual innocence when justice goes wrong and how to make it right writer by Why? A best seller book in the world with fantastic worth and material is combined with fascinating words. Where? Just below, in this website you could check out online. Want download? Certainly offered, download them likewise right here. Offered documents are as word, ppt, txt, kindle, pdf, rar, and zip. GO TO THE TECHNICAL WRITING FOR AN EXPANDED TYPE OF THIS ACTUAL INNOCENCE WHEN JUSTICE GOES WRONG AND HOW TO MAKE IT RIGHT, ALONG WITH A CORRECTLY FORMATTED VERSION OF THE INSTANCE MANUAL PAGE ABOVE.

Actual Innocence: When Justice Goes Wrong and How to Make it Right

The US Congress should create an office to study, standardize and certify those who apply science to crime as well as the techniques they use, urge Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck.

/pdf/making-forensic-science-more-scientific-2jhzwwry0x.pdf

Making forensic science more scientific

The best way to effectively prevent Brady violations and other forms of prosecutorial misconduct that cause wrongful convictions is nternal regulation of the District Attorney’s office. Civil liability, state or bar disciplinary action, the stigma of appellate reversal, and the threat of criminal prosecution have failed to provide effective deterrence against Brady violations as well as other forms of misconduct. However, the lack of alternatives is not the reason why internal regulation is the most promising way to prevent Brady violations, but rather because prosecutors themselves are in the best position to implement procedures that achieve this goal. Prosecutorial offices, and the criminal justice system as a whole, can learn important lessons from recent reforms adopted by the medical profession to improve safety. Specifically, several organizational principles and practical remedies developed by the groundbreaking National Academies of Science study on improving hospital safety, To Err Is Human, can be readily transferred to the prosecutor’s office. The Pareto principle, a staple of quality assurance theorists, holds that eighty percent of effects result from twenty percent of causes and, therefore, quality management resources should be focused on correcting this twenty percent of causes. Recognizing there is little empirical data on the causes of Brady violations, and in accordance with Pareto’s principle, this Article conducts a “thought experiment” that postulates and then analyzes the top three causes of Brady violations: (1) The Brady material was not in the prosecutor’s file because the police did not provide it in written form to the prosecutor working on the case; (2) The Brady material was in the prosecution’s file, or known to the prosecutor from an oral communication, but the prosecution did not identify it as Brady and, therefore, did not turn it over to the defense; and (3) The prosecutor did not turn over to the defense information that he or she knew or strongly suspected could be Brady material out of fear. What emerges from this analysis of the top three causes are concrete suggestions for setting up a Professional Integrity Program within a prosecutor’s office that can identify, correct, and prevent Brady violations. The Professional Integrity Program features the use of pre-trial and post-indictment checklists and disclosure conferences, the non-punitive tracking of errors and “near misses,” the development of clear office-wide legal definitions of Brady material, the administration of audits and root cause analysis in reversal and harmless error cases, and the creation of simulation exercises for training staff that builds on the lessons learned from “near misses” and audits. A Conviction Integrity Program to investigate plausible postconviction claims of innocence is also proposed that draws upon the ethical principles enunciated in ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct 3.8. It also draws upon “best practices” for co-operative, non-adversarial post-conviction innocence investigations employed by projects within the Innocence Network with the Dallas District Attorney and other district attorney offices. Finally, a model and organizational chart for the implementation of a Professional and Conviction Integrity Program are presented and discussed.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1684690_code162802.pdf?abstractid=1684690&mirid=2

Professional and Conviction Integrity Programs: Why We Need Them, Why They Will Work, and Models for Creating Them

/pdf/toward-the-formation-of-innocence-commissions-in-america-15svbqo9ki.pdf

Barry Scheck

Papers

Actual Innocence : Five Days to Execution and Other Dispatches from the Wrongly Convicted

Actual Innocence: When Justice Goes Wrong and How to Make it Right

Making forensic science more scientific

Professional and Conviction Integrity Programs: Why We Need Them, Why They Will Work, and Models for Creating Them

Toward the formation of "Innocence Commissions" in America