http://academic.oup.com/milmed/article-pdf/145/12/852/24134232/milmed-145-12-852.pdf

Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals

Food-borne microorganisms are major pathogens affecting food safety and cause human illness worldwide as a result of consumption of foodstuff, mainly animal products contaminated with vegetative pathogens or their toxins Most of these microbes have zoonotic importance resulting in significant impact on both public health and economic sectors Bacteria are the causative agents of two-thirds of human food-borne diseases worldwide with high burden in developing countries Hence, the objectives of this review paper are to highlight the background of food-borne bacterial pathogens and to review common major food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens Food animals are the major reservoirs of many food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens, and food products of animal origin are the main vehicles of transmission Meat, dairy products, and eggs are the main ways by which people are exposed to zoonotic bacteria S aureus, Salmonella species, Campylobacter species, L monocytogenes, and E coli are the major zoonotic bacterial pathogens which are the causative agents of food-borne illness and death in the world associated with consumption of contaminated animal products Production of toxins and structural virulent factors are responsible for the pathogenesis of these bacteria These major zoonotic bacteria cause human infections which are characterized mainly by gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and other agent-specific symptoms Some bacteria may cause severe complications Conventional (culturing), serological, and molecular techniques are important for detection of these common zoonotic bacteria and their toxins in food Good hygiene, GMP, sanitation in operating procedures, and implementation of standardized HACCP and pasteurization procedures are effective methods for the control and prevention Currently, the emergence of multidrug-resistant zoonotic bacteria associated with consumption of contaminated animal products is a great concern for the public health, and there should be coordinated surveillance and monitoring system for food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens particularly in developing countries including Ethiopia

/pdf/review-on-major-food-borne-zoonotic-bacterial-pathogens-1oqno57zuw.pdf

Review on Major Food-Borne Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens

Invited review: Fate of antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes in US dairy manure management systems

Bovine mastitis: An appraisal of its alternative herbal cure

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of great animal welfare and economic implications worldwide known since ancient times. The emergence of brucellosis in new areas as well as transmission of brucellosis from wild and domestic animals is of great significance in terms of new epidemiological dimensions. Brucellosis poses a major public health threat by the consumption of non-pasteurized milk and milk products produced by unhygienic dairy farms in endemic areas. Regular and meticulous surveillance is essentially required to determine the true picture of brucellosis especially in areas with continuous high prevalence. Additionally, international migration of humans, animals and trade of animal products has created a challenge for disease spread and diagnosis in non-endemic areas. Isolation and identification remain the gold standard test, which requires expertise. The advancement in diagnostic strategies coupled with screening of newly introduced animals is warranted to control the disease. Of note, the diagnostic value of miRNAs for appropriate detection of B. abortus infection has been shown. The most widely used vaccine strains to protect against Brucella infection and related abortions in cattle are strain 19 and RB51. Moreover, it is very important to note that no vaccine, which is highly protective, safe and effective is available either for bovines or human beings. Research results encourage the use of bacteriophage lysates in treatment of bovine brucellosis. One Health approach can aid in control of this disease, both in animals and man.

Bovine brucellosis - a comprehensive review.

Staphylococcus species cause mastitis and wound infection in livestock and food poisoning in humans through ingestion of contaminated foods, including meat and dairy products. They are evolving pathogens in that they readily acquire drug resistance, and multiple drug-resistant (MDR) isolates are increasing in human and veterinary healthcare. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of Staphylococci and their drug resistance in dairy farms and abattoir settings of Addis Ababa. In this cross-sectional study, 193 samples of milk, meat, equipment and humans working in the dairy farms and abattoir were collected (dairy farms = 72 and abattoir sources = 121). Staphylococcus isolation and identification at the species level was done according to ISO-6888-3 using biochemical characteristics. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted for 43 of the isolates using 15 antimicrobial agents commonly used for humans and livestock by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. Staphylococcus organism were isolated from 92 (47.7%) of the total 193 samples, 50% in the dairy farms and 46.3% in the abattoir. The isolated species were S. aureus (n = 31; 16.1%), S. intermedius (n = 21; 10.9%), S. hyicus (n = 16; 8.3%), and coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS) (n = 24; 12.4%). Gentamycin was effective drug as all isolates (n = 43; 100%) were susceptible to it and followed by kanamycin (n = 39; 90.7%). However, the majority of the isolates showed resistance to penicillin-G (95.3%), nalidixic acid (88.4%), cloxacillin (79.1%), vancomycin (65.1%) and cefoxitin (55.8%). Of the 15 S. aureus tested for drug susceptibility, 73.3% of them were phenotypically resistant to vancomycin (VRSA) and all of the 15 isolates showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) to >3 drugs. Also, all of the tested CNS (100%), S. hyicus (100%) and the majority of S. intermedius isolates (88.9%) developed MDR. Alarmingly, the Staphylococcus isolates circulating in the dairy farms and abattoir in the study area harbor MDR. High level of Staphylococcus species isolation from personnel and equipment besides food (meat and milk) samples in dairy farms and abattoir settings reveals that the hygiene practice in the dairy farm and abattoir is substandard. Prudent drug use and improved hygienic practice is recommended in the dairy farms and abattoir to safeguard the public from the risk of acquiring infections and MDR pathogenic Staphylococcus.

/pdf/prevalence-and-antimicrobial-resistance-profile-of-2syrfrhvf9.pdf

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus in dairy farms, abattoir and humans in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Review on Brucellosis Sero-prevalence and Ecology in Livestock and Human Population of Ethiopia

Ethiopian livestock production and productivity is still very low due to widespread of diseases. Among the diseases, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious and acute viral disease that causes significant economic problems in the country. A cross sectional study design was conducted from September 2015 to May 2016 to isolate and characterize FMD virus from outbreak cases; determine the sero-prevalence of antibodies against FMD virus (FMDV), and assess potential risk factors associated with sero-prevalence of the disease in selected areas of central Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select the study animals. Isolated viruses were characterized by antigen ELISA (IZLER, Brescia, Italy) and by genetic analysis of the sequence of the viral protein 1 (VP1). Sero-prevalence was determined using an ELISA for antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMDV based on the 3ABC proteins (ID Screen® FMD NSP Competition, ID-VET, Grabels, France). Risk factors for sero-prevalence of antibodies against FMD virus was investigated using logistic regression analysis. From outbreak investigation, 28.8% (n = 378) cattle showed signs and lesions suggestive of FMD and 34 samples were subjected to virus isolation. Twenty eight of these cultures exhibited cytopathic effect (CPE) and were serotyped as O, A and SAT 2 FMD viruses. One A and two SAT 2 isolates named A-ETH-19-2015, SAT 2-ETH-18-2015 and SAT 2-ETH-20-2015 were further characterized by phylogenetic analysis. The overall sero-prevalence of antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMDV was 24.2% (n = 574). Cattle herds with crossbreed cattle, with older cattle (> 2 years), and kept together with small ruminants had higher sero-prevalences of antibodies against FMDV (p < 0.05). This study showed that FMD was present in the study areas. Among the associated risk factors, breed, age and herd composition were significantly associated with presence of antibodies against FMD virus. Three different serotypes (A, O and SAT 2) were responsible for the outbreaks of the disease. Genetic analysis indicated that the isolated viruses clustered differently from previous outbreaks. Thus, further molecular analyses coupled with protection potential of the existing vaccines against the isolates should be performed.

/pdf/isolation-molecular-characterization-and-sero-prevalence-4m89xf7c20.pdf

Isolation, Molecular Characterization and Sero-Prevalence Study of foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Circulating in Central Ethiopia

Salmonella is one of the most common causes of food-borne diarrheal disease in human as well as animals. It is leading causes of acute gastroenteritis when ingested in contaminated foods, including meat and dairy products. Moreover, the emergence of multiple-resistant (MDR) isolates is increasing in human and veterinary medicines. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aims at isolation, identification and antibiogram of Salmonella from selected dairy cattle farms, abattoir and in contact humans in both dairy farms and abattoir of Asella, Ethiopia. We collected 185 samples from abattoir (n=94) and dairy farms (n=91), which were isolated and identified according to ISO-6579, 2002. The overall proportion of Salmonella was 6.5% (12/185) (dairy farms n=4, 4.4% and abattoir n=8, 8.5%). Antibiogram of isolated Salmonella was also evaluated against ten commonly used antibiotics in both humans and veterinary medicines to treat salmonellosis by using the Kibry Bauer disk diffusion method. All isolates (100%, n=12) were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamycin followed by 91.7%, 75%, 66.7%, 58.3 and 50% of the isolates were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nalidixic acid and streptomycin, respectively. However, cefoxitin showed the highest resistance (66.7%) followed by ampicillin and amoxicillin (58.3% each). Moreover, 50% of the isolates were resistant to two or more of the tested antimicrobial agents. The highest MDR was seen on polled hand swabs from abattoir, resistance to eight antimicrobials (80%, n=8/10) with the combination of cefoxitin, ampicillin, amoxicillin and streptomycin being more frequent. High proportion of Salmonella was isolated from abattoir sample than dairy farms. These isolate developed MDR to commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents in the study area. Hence, strict hygienic management in the farm and abattoir as well as rational use of antimicrobials should be practised to circumvent the further development of antimicrobial resistance.

/pdf/identification-and-antimicrobial-susceptibility-profile-of-13jy2q9et6.pdf

Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Isolated from Selected Dairy Farms, Abattoir and Humans at Asella Town, Ethiopia

Background The study was performed from January 2016 to May 2017 with the aim of identifying the impact of sheep and goat pox in skin quality in selected localities of central Ethiopia. Materials and Methods A total of 1360 fresh, salted and dried skins were examined and graded. Pox lesion positive skins were examined by PCR to identify the agent. Results The prevalence of sheep and goat in the study areas was 4.022%. From a total of 86 rejected skins, a large number of skins were in the rejected category (2.78%). There were highly statistically significant associations (p 0.05) between skin size and sheep and pox. Molecular diagnosis of the case revealed that goat pox virus was responsible for the lesion. Conclusion Goat pox virus is the main cause of skin rejection and the factor that causes downgrading of skin.

/pdf/assessment-of-the-impact-of-sheep-and-goat-pox-lesions-on-4k23hlc408.pdf

Bedaso Mammo

Papers

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus in dairy farms, abattoir and humans in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Review on Brucellosis Sero-prevalence and Ecology in Livestock and Human Population of Ethiopia

Isolation, Molecular Characterization and Sero-Prevalence Study of foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Circulating in Central Ethiopia

Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Isolated from Selected Dairy Farms, Abattoir and Humans at Asella Town, Ethiopia

Assessment of the Impact of Sheep and Goat Pox Lesions on Skin Quality in Selected Ware Houses of Central Ethiopia.