Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product.

Social media platforms provide active communication channels during mass convergence and emergency events such as disasters caused by natural hazards. As a result, first responders, decision makers, and the public can use this information to gain insight into the situation as it unfolds. In particular, many social media messages communicated during emergencies convey timely, actionable information. Processing social media messages to obtain such information, however, involves solving multiple challenges including: parsing brief and informal messages, handling information overload, and prioritizing different types of information found in messages. These challenges can be mapped to classical information processing operations such as filtering, classifying, ranking, aggregating, extracting, and summarizing. We survey the state of the art regarding computational methods to process social media messages and highlight both their contributions and shortcomings. In addition, we examine their particularities, and methodically examine a series of key subproblems ranging from the detection of events to the creation of actionable and useful summaries. Research thus far has, to a large extent, produced methods to extract situational awareness information from social media. In this survey, we cover these various approaches, and highlight their benefits and shortcomings. We conclude with research challenges that go beyond situational awareness, and begin to look at supporting decision making and coordinating emergency-response actions.

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Processing Social Media Messages in Mass Emergency: A Survey

Understanding human mobility is crucial for a broad range of applications from disease prediction to communication networks. Most efforts on studying human mobility have so far used private and low resolution data, such as call data records. Here, we propose Twitter as a proxy for human mobility, as it relies on publicly available data and provides high resolution positioning when users opt to geotag their tweets with their current location. We analyse a Twitter dataset with more than six million geotagged tweets posted in Australia, and we demonstrate that Twitter can be a reliable source for studying human mobility patterns. Our analysis shows that geotagged tweets can capture rich features of human mobility, such as the diversity of movement orbits among individuals and of movements within and between cities. We also find that short- and long-distance movers both spend most of their time in large metropolitan areas, in contrast with intermediate-distance movers’ movements, reflecting the impact of different modes of travel. Our study provides solid evidence that Twitter can indeed be a useful proxy for tracking and predicting human movement.

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Understanding Human Mobility from Twitter

Despite the increasing use of social media platforms for information and news gathering, its unmoderated nature often leads to the emergence and spread of rumours, i.e., items of information that are unverified at the time of posting. At the same time, the openness of social media platforms provides opportunities to study how users share and discuss rumours, and to explore how to automatically assess their veracity, using natural language processing and data mining techniques. In this article, we introduce and discuss two types of rumours that circulate on social media: long-standing rumours that circulate for long periods of time, and newly emerging rumours spawned during fast-paced events such as breaking news, where reports are released piecemeal and often with an unverified status in their early stages. We provide an overview of research into social media rumours with the ultimate goal of developing a rumour classification system that consists of four components: rumour detection, rumour tracking, rumour stance classification, and rumour veracity classification. We delve into the approaches presented in the scientific literature for the development of each of these four components. We summarise the efforts and achievements so far toward the development of rumour classification systems and conclude with suggestions for avenues for future research in social media mining for the detection and resolution of rumours.

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Detection and Resolution of Rumours in Social Media: A Survey

Could social media data aid in disaster response and damage assessment? Countries face both an increasing frequency and an increasing intensity of natural disasters resulting from climate change. During such events, citizens turn to social media platforms for disaster-related communication and information. Social media improves situational awareness, facilitates dissemination of emergency information, enables early warning systems, and helps coordinate relief efforts. In addition, the spatiotemporal distribution of disaster-related messages helps with the real-time monitoring and assessment of the disaster itself. We present a multiscale analysis of Twitter activity before, during, and after Hurricane Sandy. We examine the online response of 50 metropolitan areas of the United States and find a strong relationship between proximity to Sandy's path and hurricane-related social media activity. We show that real and perceived threats, together with physical disaster effects, are directly observable through the intensity and composition of Twitter's message stream. We demonstrate that per-capita Twitter activity strongly correlates with the per-capita economic damage inflicted by the hurricane. We verify our findings for a wide range of disasters and suggest that massive online social networks can be used for rapid assessment of damage caused by a large-scale disaster.

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Rapid assessment of disaster damage using social media activity.

The described system uses natural language processing and data mining techniques to extract situation awareness information from Twitter messages generated during various disasters and crises.

Using Social Media to Enhance Emergency Situation Awareness

This paper describes ongoing work with the Australian Government to detect, assess, summarise, and report messages of interest for crisis coordination published by Twitter. The developed platform and client tools, collectively termed the Emergency Situation Awareness - Automated Web Text Mining (ESA-AWTM) system, demonstrate how relevant Twitter messages can be identified and utilised to inform the situation awareness of an emergency incident as it unfolds.A description of the ESA-AWTM platform is presented detailing how it may be used for real life emergency management scenarios. These scenarios are focused on general use cases to provide: evidence of pre-incident activity; near-real-time notification of an incident occurring; first-hand reports of incident impacts; and gauging the community response to an emergency warning. Our tools have recently been deployed in a trial for use by crisis coordinators.

Emergency situation awareness from twitter for crisis management

Service-oriented computing is a software engineering paradigm that views complex software systems as an interconnected collection of distributed computational components. Each component has a defined web service interface that allows it to be loosely-coupled with client applications. The service-oriented paradigm presents an attractive way of modeling multidisciplinary water resource systems because it allows a diverse community of scientists and engineers to work independently on components of a larger modeling system. While a service-oriented paradigm has been successfully applied for integrating water resource data, this paper considers service-oriented computing as an approach for integrating water resource models. We present an interface design for exposing water resource models as web services and demonstrate how it can be used to simulate a rainfall/runoff event within a watershed system. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using service-oriented computing for modeling water resource systems, and conclude with future work needed to advance the application of service-oriented computing for modeling water resource systems.

Modeling water resource systems using a service-oriented computing paradigm

This paper describes early work at developing an earthquake detector for Australia and New Zealand using Twitter. The system is based on the Emergency Situation Awareness (ESA) platform which provides all-hazard information captured, filtered and analysed from Twitter. The detector sends email notifications of evidence of earthquakes from Tweets to the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre.The earthquake detector uses the ESA platform to monitor Tweets and checks for specific earthquake related alerts. The Tweets that contribute to an alert are then examined to determine their locations: when the Tweets are identified as being geographically close and the retweet percentage is low an email notification is generated.The earthquake detector has been in operation since December 2012 with 31 notifications generated where 17 corresponded with real, although minor, earthquake events. The remaining 14 were a result of discussions about earthquakes but not prompted by an event. A simple modification to our algorithm results in 20 notifications identifying the same 17 real events and reducing the false positives to 3. Our detector is sensitive in that it can generate alerts from only a few Tweets when they are determined to be geographically close.

A sensitive Twitter earthquake detector

The Emergency Situation Awareness (ESA) system provides all-hazard situation awareness information for emergency managers using content gathered from the public Twitter API. It collects, filters and analyses Tweets from specific regions of interest in near-real-time, enabling effective alerting for unexpected incidents and monitoring of emergency events with results accessible via an interactive website.

Bella Robinson

Papers

Using Social Media to Enhance Emergency Situation Awareness

Emergency situation awareness from twitter for crisis management

Modeling water resource systems using a service-oriented computing paradigm

A sensitive Twitter earthquake detector

Emergency Situation Awareness: Twitter Case Studies