A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a group of advanced mobile devices which are capable of self-organization. Due to the diverse nature of mobile devices and wireless connectivity, MANET faces several issues like topology management, energy management due to battery power limits, data communication issues etc. The utilization rate of battery powered energy and QoS properties are significant in MANET. In order to address these issues, we propose a new ant colony inspired technique for energy efficient routing in MANET. The proposed technique is a multi-objective constraints applied energy efficient routing technique based on ant colony optimization in mobile adhoc networks (MCER-ACO). The proposed MCER-ACO technique selects the next hop node centered on the constraints, residual energy of mobile node, no of packets in path and dynamic movement of topology. By applying ant colony technique on objectives and constraints, probability of choosing next hop node as forwarding node is determined. From the performance evaluation carried out in this research work, it is proved that the proposed MCER-ACO approach is providing optimal energy efficient routing while comparing with few other existing methods.

Multi constraints applied energy efficient routing technique based on ant colony optimization used for disaster resilient location detection in mobile ad-hoc network

Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that creates a dynamically wireless network among them without using any fixed infrastructure. Nodes are mobile and free to move, independent of each other which makes routing much difficult. The routing protocols in MANET should be more dynamic so that they quickly respond to topological changes. In this paper simulation based experiments are performed to analyze the performance of Hybrid Routing Protocols ZRP, CBRP on the basis of Packet Delivery Ratio, End to End delay and Average Throughput. These results are compared with AODV, DSR and FSR routing protocols by varying number of nodes. The comparison shows that Hybrid routing Protocol for adhoc networks performs better as compared to AODV and DSR routing protocols.

Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) comprise a large number of mobile wireless nodes that can move in a random fashion with the capability to join or leave the network anytime. Due to the rapid growth of devices on the Internet of Things (IoT), a large number of messages are transmitted during information exchange in dense areas. It can cause congestion that results in increasing transmission delay and packet loss. This problem is more severe in larger networks with more network traffic and high mobility that enforces dynamic topology. To resolve these issues, we present a bandwidth aware routing scheme (BARS) that can avoid congestion by monitoring residual bandwidth capacity in network paths and available space in queues to cache the information. The amount of available and consumed bandwidth along with residual cache must be worked out before transmitting messages. The BARS utilizes the feedback mechanism to intimate the traffic source for adjusting the data rate according to the availability of bandwidth and queue in the routing path. We have performed extensive simulations using NS 2.35 on Ubuntu where TCL is used for node configuration, deployment, mobility and message initiation, and C language is used for modifying the functionality of AODV. The results are extracted from trace files using Perl scripts to prove the dominance of the BARS over preliminaries in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput and end-to-end delay, and the probability of congested node for static and dynamic topologies.

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Congestion Avoidance for Smart Devices by Caching Information in MANETS and IoT

MANET is combination of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without any kind of cen tralized control or any device or established infrastructure. Therefore MAN ET routing is a critical task to perform in dynamic network. Without any fixed infrastructure, wireless mobile nodes dynamically e stablish the network. Routing Protocols helps to co mmunicate a mobile node with the other nodes in the network by sending or rthe packets. This research paper provides the overview of ZRP by presenting its functionality. The performance of ZR P (Zone Routing Protocol) is analyzed on the basis of parameters Throughput, Load, Data Dropped and Delay using simulator OPNET 14.0.

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Analysis of zone routing protocol in manet

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks also known as MANETs belong to a collaborative collection of different mobile devices from a heterogeneous network, the prolific feature is the capability to join and quit the network any time. This leads to a creation of a decentralized network of mobile nodes which can connect, communicate and pass messages to each other without the requirement of an intermediate router. MANETs have the provision to offer much quicker deployment as compared to a normal networks, the deployment being horizontal type is only possible in this scenario. MANETs are generally used in diverse set of applications like Military operations, emergency or disaster relief operations, business meetings, political meetings, Mine cite operations. In these kinds of networks the most important issue is that of finding the best route available between the two nodes according to the user requirements. Undoubtedly routing protocols and their evaluation is the most discussed topics in the MANETs since the evolution of this network. A number of enhancements have been done to these basic protocols being discussed here by different researchers from time to time according to their requirements. But this paper tends to throw some light on the basic protocols which will provide the readers the basic information about the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of the particular protocol and can help them to use any protocol according to their use. An intention is to discuss regarding the proactive, reactive, hybrid, location-based, power aware, uni-cast, multicast; covering apparently major number og routing protocols been proposed so far. This paper tends to cover the routing protocol covering the timeline from last two decades. In the conclusion we will give the table showing the comparison of various discussed routing protocols. We hope that this paper will help the researchers in the area of Adhoc networks.

Routing Protocols in MANET: An Overview

Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of wireless nodes that can dynamically be set up anywhere and anytime to exchange information without using any pre-existing network infrastructure. It is a self organized and self configurable network where the mobile nodes move randomly. In MANETs mobile nodes can receive and forward packets as a router and each node operates not only as an end system, but also as a router to forward packets. There is no fixed infrastructure, which results in addition and exclusion of any number of nodes from the network for relatively small networks routing protocols may be sufficient. However, in larger networks either hierarchical or geographic routing protocols are needed. In this survey paper three routing protocols AODV (Ad- Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing Protocol) along with many other algorithms are described briefly.

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A Survey: Routing Protocols in MANETs

Routing protocol design is a major issue in the field of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. Change in topology raises major challenges. Failure of node leads to breakage of link and may cause loss of network resources. A new method is proposed which works in two phases. First phase works based on signal strength based AODV. On failure of first approach, the work shifts to second phase where the system works based on normal AODV. Signal strength AODV works by measuring signal strength between nodes and compares this value with RSSI threshold value. If this value is greater than threshold value, it is accepted for further processing else it is discarded. If a route is not found in first phase, the system will switch to normal AODV that selects the route based on minimum hot count. Simulation results show that IAODV performs better than AODV in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, normalized routing load, delay and control overhead.

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An Efficient Route Selection in MANETs byIntelligent AODV

Conserving energy and finding the stable path are the two vital issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) as the prior increases the network lifetime and the later increases the network throughput. The nodes which are not legitimate in terms of residual energy and packet forwarding history might be a threat to the path thereby making the path unstable. Thus, it results in frequent link failure, reduced throughput, reduced network and path life time. In order to reduce these hazards, authors have proposed an energy efficient, reliable path selecting protocol referred to as Trust Based Energy Aware Multipath Disjoint Routing Protocol (TEA-MDRP) for MANETS in this article. TEA-MDRP finds the optimum route between the source and the destination nodes using two parameters namely, the Accumulated Trust Value (ATV) and the node’s residual energy (N_res). ATV is calculated based on the packet forwarding status of the node which shows how good the node is in terms of packet forwarding point of view. TEA-MDRP allows only the nodes which have a good ATV and sufficient residual energy. A good ATV shows loyalty in forwarding the packets while a sufficiently large residual energy node avoids frequent path breakups and packet drops. Thus, the TEA-MDRP not only increases the network and path lifetime but also increases the throughput of the communication. Further, with the legitimate nodes in the paths, the TEA-MDRP considerably reduces the control packet overhead which might occur because of the frequent route re-discovery process. An extensive simulation is carried out using Network Simulator-2.35 for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of TEA-MDRP. The results obtained are compared with classical AOMDV and the results are satisfactory.

Benakappa S M

Papers

A Survey: Routing Protocols in MANETs

An Efficient Route Selection in MANETs byIntelligent AODV

Energy Aware Stable Multipath Disjoint Routing Based on Accumulated Trust Value in MANETs