世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Offering a unifying theoretical perspective not readily available in any other text, this innovative guide to econometrics uses simple geometrical arguments to develop students' intuitive understanding of basic and advanced topics, emphasizing throughout the practical applications of modern theory and nonlinear techniques of estimation. One theme of the text is the use of artificial regressions for estimation, reference, and specification testing of nonlinear models, including diagnostic tests for parameter constancy, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and other types of mis-specification. Explaining how estimates can be obtained and tests can be carried out, the authors go beyond a mere algebraic description to one that can be easily translated into the commands of a standard econometric software package. Covering an unprecedented range of problems with a consistent emphasis on those that arise in applied work, this accessible and coherent guide to the most vital topics in econometrics today is indispensable for advanced students of econometrics and students of statistics interested in regression and related topics. It will also suit practising econometricians who want to update their skills. Flexibly designed to accommodate a variety of course levels, it offers both complete coverage of the basic material and separate chapters on areas of specialized interest.

Estimation and Inference in Econometrics

25. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. By D. B. Rubin. ISBN 0 471 08705 X. Wiley, Chichester, 1987. 258 pp. £30.25.

Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys

Statistical Analysis with Missing Data

We review 74 experiments with no, low, or high performance-based financial incentives. The modal result has no effect on mean performance (though variance is usually reduced by higher payment). Higher incentive does improve performance often, typically judgment tasks that are responsive to better effort. Incentives also reduce “presentation” effects (e.g., generosity and risk-seeking). Incentive effects are comparable to effects of other variables, particularly “cognitive capital” and task “production” demands, and interact with those variables, so a narrow-minded focus on incentives alone is misguided. We also note that no replicated study has made rationality violations disappear purely by raising incentives.

/pdf/the-effects-of-financial-incentives-in-experiments-a-review-3jmbvh2wtp.pdf

The Effects of Financial Incentives in Experiments: A Review and Capital-Labor-Production Framework

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.00045.x

Good Research Practices for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Alongside Clinical Trials: The ISPOR RCT-CEA Task Force Report

This article describes the components that should be included as indirect costs to be consistent with economic theory in studies conducted from a societal perspective The recently proposed method of how to estimate indirect costs, the friction-cost approach, is shown to exclude many aspects of these indirect cost components Furthermore, it is demonstrated that this approach rests on very strong assumptions about the individual’s valuation of leisure and about the labour market This approach does not, in most realistic circumstances, have a foundation in economic theory It also shows that all indirect costs cannot be assumed to be included in the individual’s reported utility weight for a health state [used to determine quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) values], as recently suggested by the US Panel for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Health and Medicine Therefore, to be consistent with economic theory, neither the friction-cost approach nor the QALY approach can be recommended over the more commonly used human capital-cost approach for estimating the indirect costs of a disease in economic evaluations from a societal perspective

How to calculate indirect costs in economic evaluations.

In this paper the results of an experiment comparing the dichotomous choice (DC) contingentvaluation (CV) approach with real purchase decisions for a consumer good are reported. In addition to comparing the standard DC CV approach with real decisions, we also test the hypothesis that a more conservative interpretation of the DC approach, where only absolutely sure yes responses are counted as yes responses, correctly predicts real purchase decisions. The results show that the hypothetical yes responses overestimate the real yes responses and that the hypothetical absolutely sure yes responses underestimate the real yes responses.

An experimental comparison of dichotomous choice contingent valuation questions and real purchase decisions

Use of the contingent valuation method is controversial among economists because it is based on hypothetical rather than real choices. Previous experiments have suggested that the commonly used dichotomous choice contingent valuation method leads to hypothetical bias, i.e., overestimates the real willingness to pay. We carried out an experiment to compare the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method with real purchase decisions for a consumer good. We confirm previous findings that hypothetical yes responses overestimate real purchase decisions, but we cannot reject the null hypothesis that definitely sure yes responses correspond to real purchase decisions.

Bengt Liljas

Papers

Good Research Practices for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Alongside Clinical Trials: The ISPOR RCT-CEA Task Force Report

How to calculate indirect costs in economic evaluations.

An experimental comparison of dichotomous choice contingent valuation questions and real purchase decisions

Experimental Results on Expressed Certainty and Hypothetical Bias in Contingent Valuation

The demand for health with uncertainty and insurance.