Showing papers by "Benjamin F. Hankey published in 1975"
TL;DR: A positive association between the cellular responses to areas of in situ carcinoma and the cellular response to accompanying invasive breast cancer is found, adding to the general understanding of immunogenicity of breast cancer tissue.
Abstract: A study was made of the inter-relationships and prognostic significance of structural characteristics found in primary breast cancers and their associated axillary lymph nodes. The prognostically favorable characteristics included the following. For the primary tumor: nuclear differentiation of the cancer cells, diffuse lymphoid cell infiltrations (LI), and perivenous lymphoid cell infiltrations (PVI). For the axillary lymph nodes: sinus histiocytosis (SH). Perivenous lymphoid cell infiltrations (PVI) in the primary tumor are found to be as important a prognostic factor as SH in the axillary lymph nodes; these two characteristics are found to be positively associated. Evaluation of the nuclear grade (NG), LI, and PVI in the primary tumor allows for the definition of prognostically significant patient groupings. LI is found to occur primarily in assoication with cancer cells having a low (anaplastic) nuclear grade, and to be positively associated with follicular hyperplasia (FH) in the lymph nodes. We also found a positive association between the cellular responses to areas of in situ carcinoma and the cellular responses to accompanying invasive breast cancer. These findings add to our general understanding of immunogenicity of breast cancer tissue. They also provide a progonstic system for classifying breast cancer patients on the basis of the microscopic characteristics of the primary tumor and surrounding breast tissue. The latter system should be of value in comparing the therapeutic benefits of various treatments.
165 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered the problem of setting exact limits on the underlying odds ratio of a 2 X 2 contingency table, i.e., whether the expected table should be equal to the observed table.
Abstract: We [1] have earlier reported on the feasibility for setting exact limits on the underlying odds ratio of a 2 X 2 contingency table. We then used the wellestablished principle that conditional on all marginals of the 2 X 2 table, the distribution of the table, i.e. of any cell entry in the table, depended only on the true odds ratio. Here, we intend to review some other aspects of the all-marginals-fixed distribution, making contrasts with the cases variously of no fixed quantities, only grand total fixed, or only one set of marginals fixed. Whichever conditioning or lack of conditioning is made, a maximum likelihood requirement in parameter estimation turns out to be that the expected table should equal the observed table. The odds ratio of the fitted expected table is thus equal to that of the observed table, yet in the instance of the doubly-conditioned distribution the observed table odds ratio is not the maximum likelihood estimate. More general]y, the ratio of crossproduct expectations, E(A) E(D) E(B) E(C), where expectatioins are based on a specified value for the odds ratio, fails to yield that specified value for the odds ratio in the doubly-conditioned situation. For all sampling situations, as we shall bring out, E(AD) E(BC) does equal the parametric odds ratio. (The quantity E(AD/BC) is not appropriate to consider since it is infinite in non-asymptotic situations for which there is a positive probability for a zero cell outcome.) In connection with the doubly-conditioned situation we shall give calculations for chi square alternative to those we previously published. We begin by identifying the appearance of a sample 2 X 2 table outcome with row totals, N1 and N2, column totals MII, and A12, cell entries, A, B, C, and D, grand total T, the table taking the form
14 citations