Cationic ion exchange resins as catalyst

http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/refineria_6689.pdf

Present status and future trends in catalysis for refining and petrochemicals

Homogeneous olefin oligomerization plays a pivotal role in the field of petrochemistry. Through catalyst, technology, and process developments, market requirements in terms of productivity, selectivity and sustainability have been addressed. Over more than 50 years, intensive research has been devoted to the design of new Group 4 to Group 10 transition metal complexes and to the study of their reactivity towards olefins leading to several breakthroughs of prime importance for academia as well as for industry. Since the early 1960s, IFPEN contributed to bring innovative industrial solutions to different targets from gasoline production to alpha-olefin on purpose processes with over 100 production units built worldwide. Based on nickel, titanium, zirconium or chromium, the catalytic systems for such processes and their next generation are subject to continuous research where the adaptation of the ligand architecture to the nature of the metal and their mode of activation, play a crucial role to control the reaction selectivity and the catalyst lifetime. Interesting relationships between the complex structure and their reactivity have been drawn and will be discussed in selected examples.

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Role of Homogeneous Catalysis in Oligomerization of Olefins : Focus on Selected Examples Based on Group 4 to Group 10 Transition Metal Complexes

A system and method for the conversion of free fatty acids to glycerides and the subsequent conversion of glycerides to glycerin and biodiesel includes the transesterification of a glyceride stream with an alcohol. The fatty acid alkyl esters are separated from the glycerin to produce a first liquid phase containing a fatty acid alkyl ester rich (concentrated) stream and a second liquid phase containing a glycerin rich (concentrated) stream. The fatty acid alkyl ester rich stream is then subjected to distillation, preferably reactive distillation, wherein the stream undergoes both physical separation and chemical reaction. The fatty acid alkyl ester rich stream is then purified to produce a purified biodiesel product and a glyceride rich residue stream. Biodiesel may be further recovered from the glyceride rich residue stream, by further separation of and/or processing of glycerides/free fatty acids contained therein. The glycerin rich second liquid phase stream may further be purified to produce a purified glycerin product and a (second) wet alcohol stream. Neutralization of the alkaline stream, formed during the alkali-catalyzed transesterification process, may proceed by the addition of a mineral or an organic acid.

Production of biodiesel and glycerin from high free fatty acid feedstocks

An integrated refining process for the production of high quality gasoline blending components from low value components is disclosed. In addition there is disclosed a method of improving the operating efficiency of a refinery by reducing fuel gas production and simultaneously producing high quality gasoline blending components of low volatility. The processes involve the alkylation of a refinery stream containing pentane with ethylene using an ionic liquid catalyst.

Integrated alkylation process using ionic liquid catalysts

The present invention concerns a process for the conversion of an olefinic C 4 cut to polyisobutene and to propylene by metathesis. The process comprises three successive steps: (1) selective hydrogenation of diolefins with simultaneous isomerisation of 1-butene to 2-butenes, (2) polymerisation of the isobutene, including optional prior extraction of the isobutene, (3) metathesis of 2-butene with ethylene. Part or all of the C 4 cut may originate from the metathesis of an olefinic C 5 cut with ethylene after hydroisomerisation of the C 5 cut. Application to C 4 and C 5 steam cracking cuts.

Process and plant for the conversion of olefinic C4 cuts to polyisobutene and to propylene

Process for producing gasoline of high octane number from C3 and C4 olefinic cuts, such as those obtained by fractional distillation of a C3 / C4 catalytic cracking cut, comprising the steps of: (a) oligomerizing propylene of the C3 cut to obtain a first gasoline fraction, (b) reacting the isobutene of the C4 cut with methanol to produce methyl tert.-butyl ether which is separated from the unreacted C4 hydrocarbons to form a second gasoline fraction, (c) alkylating said unreacted C4 hydrocarbons with isobutane in the presence of an alkylation catalyst such as hydrofluoric acid, to form a third gasoline fraction, and (d) admixing, at least partially, said first, second and third gasoline fractions, so as to obtain gasoline of high octane number.

Process for producing gasoline of high octane number, in particular lead-free gasoline

For the conversion of an olefinic C 4 or C 5 cut to an alkyl-tertiobutylether or alkyl-tertioamylether and to propylene, by metathesis, the process comprises four successive steps: (1) selective hydrogenation of the diolefins with simultaneous isomerisation of the alpha olefins to internal olefins; (2) etherification of the isoolefins; (3) elimination of oxygen-containing impurities; (4) metathesis of internal olefins with ethylene The process has application, eg, to C 4 and C 5 steam cracking cuts

Process and plant for the conversion of olefinic C4 and C5 cuts to an ether and to propylene

Equilibrium constant for the liquid-phase hydration of isobutylene over ion-exchange resin

An unsaturated C 5 fraction comprising at least 10% of a mixture (A) of 2-methyl-1-butene with 2-methyl-2-butene and optionally isoprene and at least 10% of a mixture (B) of other mono-olefins and diolefins is hydrogenated under controlled conditions and thereafter etherified with an alcohol having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. A gasoline fraction of high motor octane number and low olefin content is thus obtained.

Bernard Torck

Papers

Process and plant for the conversion of olefinic C4 cuts to polyisobutene and to propylene

Process for producing gasoline of high octane number, in particular lead-free gasoline

Process and plant for the conversion of olefinic C4 and C5 cuts to an ether and to propylene

Equilibrium constant for the liquid-phase hydration of isobutylene over ion-exchange resin

Hydrogenation and etherification of an unsaturated C5 hydrocarbon cut to increase its octane number and decrease its mono-olefin content