~ U n t i l recently, there has been a near consensus among policymakers and scholars that the objective of ethnic conflict management should be to support and preserve integrated, multiethnic societies. In the last few years, however, the idea that separating the warring populations may be the best solution to many of the most intense ethnic conflicts has been gaining ground. Events in Bosnia have supported this trend, as observers note that the more the warring groups have separated, the more peaceful their relations have become, while proposals to thoroughly reintegrate them command less and less support.' In addition, a growing body of scholarship that focuses on the role of intergroup security dilemmas in ethnic conflicts argues that intermixed population settlement patterns can promote escalation of violence, implying that separation of warring groups may dampen conflict2

When All Else Fails: Ethnic Population Transfers and Partitions in the Twentieth Century

(1994). The imperialism of decolonization. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 462-511.

The imperialism of decolonization

Ethnic conflict often focuses on culturally charged symbols and rituals that evoke strong emotions from all sides. Marc Howard Ross examines battles over diverse cultural expressions, including Islamic headscarves in France, parades in Northern Ireland, holy sites in Jerusalem and Confederate flags in the American South to propose a psychocultural framework for understanding ethnic conflict, as well as barriers to, and opportunities for, its mitigation. His analysis explores how culture frames interests, structures demand-making and shapes how opponents can find common ground to produce constructive outcomes to long-term disputes. He focuses on participants' accounts of conflict to identify emotionally significant issues, and the power of cultural expressions to link individuals to larger identities and shape action. Ross shows that, contrary to popular belief, culture does not necessarily exacerbate conflict; rather, the constructed nature of psychocultural narratives can facilitate successful conflict mitigation through the development of more inclusive narratives and identities.

Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict

Using data from studies of the Armenian-American and Jewish-American
diasporic involvement in conflicts over Nagorno-Karabakh and the West
Bank and Gaza, a hypothesis can be developed about the role diasporas play
as a distinct third level between interstate and domestic peacemaking in
these regions. There are several possible factors that could determine the
nature and direction of diasporic involvement in homeland conflicts. By
examining the phenomenon of diasporic activism in the homeland state, the
host state, and at the international level, further research directions
for those interested in integrating the study of ethnic conflict and
national identity more completely into the study of international
relations become apparent.

The Role of Diasporas in Conflict Perpetuation or Resolution

Preface Part I. Introduction: 1. Preliminary considerations 2. Case selection Part II. Explaining Perpetrators: Theoretical Foundations: 3. Continuity and validation 4. Prologue to theory 5. A theoretical framework Part III. The Theory Applied: 6. Threat of numbers, realpolitik, and ethnic cleansing 7. Realpolitik and loss 8. The need for unity and altruistic punishment 9. Perpetrating states Part IV. Victim Vulnerability: Explaining Magnitude and Manner of Dying: 10. Raison d'etat, raison d'eglise 11. Cynical realpolitik and the unwanted 12. High victimization: the role of realpolitik 13. Inequality and absence of identification 14. On the possibility of revolt and altruistic punishment Part V. Exceptions: 15. A dog of different nature: the Cambodian Politicide 16. Dogs that didn't bark I: realpolitik and the absence of loss 17. Dogs that didn't bark II: affinity and vulnerability reduction Part VI. Conclusion: 18. Findings, consequences, and prevention.

The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century

Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945

Britain and the Jewish problem sealing the escape routes, the home front the "final solution" the British response false hopes resistance unconditional surrender conclusion. Who was who. Sources. Index.

Establishment of the military government -, 1917-1918 OETA versus Zionism, 1918-1919 the all of the military goverment, 1919-1920 Herbert Samuel and the Palestinian problem the riots of may 1921 the rise and fall of Palestine, 1921-1923 British officials and the development of the Jewish national home, 1923-1929 Arab officials inm the government of Palestine the riots of August 1929.

The British in Palestine: The Mandatory Government and the Arab-Jewish Conflict 1917-1929

In 1939 there were ten million Jews in Europe. After Hitler there were four million. Today in 1996 there are under two million. On current projections the Jews will become virtually extinct as a significant element in European society over the course of the twenty-first century. Bernard Wasserstein sheds light on the reasons for this dire demographic projection.
Drawing on a rich variety of sources, many hitherto unpublished, Wasserstein begins with the painful years of liberation after World War II when Jews tried to recover from the destruction of their people and communities, then traces the Jewish experience in Eastern and Western Europe in different national and ideological contexts. His inquiry covers the impact on Jews of postwar reconstruction, Soviet occupation, the Cold War, and the collapse of communism. These, combined with the memory of Nazi genocide, the persistence of antisemitism, the development of Israel, and the Middle East conflicts, shaped the history of European Jewry in the second half of the twentieth century.
Vanishing Diaspora argues that survival for European Jews ultimately will depend on choices they themselves make to reverse trends. They have an alarmingly imbalanced death-to-birth ratio, and many have jettisoned religious observance in the spirit of a secular Europe, losing their cultural distinctiveness as well as their numbers.

Vanishing Diaspora: The Jews in Europe Since 1945

Tracing the history of diplomatic struggles over Jerusalem from the Crusades to the present day, Wasserstein illuminates the complicated origins of the current diplomatic impasse, details the negotiations of the last 30 years, and examines the prospects for lasting peace. A Washington Post Book World Best Book of the Year. Illustrations.

Bernard Wasserstein

Papers

Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945

Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945

The British in Palestine: The Mandatory Government and the Arab-Jewish Conflict 1917-1929

Vanishing Diaspora: The Jews in Europe Since 1945

Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City